Phase doppler interferometry

Widmann, J. F. "Characterization of a Residential Fire Sprinkler Using Phase Doppler Interferometry." Atomization and Sprays 11, no. 1-3 (2002) 69-90. 

Widmann, J. R, Presser, C., and Leigh, S. D. "Extending the Dynamic Range of Phase Doppler Interferometry Measurements." Atomization and Sprays 12, no. 4 (2002) 513-37. 

Water-mist systems (with droplet sizes less than 100 pm) have been considered as replacements for Halon 1301. Phase Doppler interferometry has been used to characterize various surrogate fluids in misted liquid sprays that are generated by different screens [7, 28, 29]. The effect of mist droplet diameter (< 200 pm), density, and injection angle have shown that when the mist and flame are aligned spatially, flame suppression is enhanced with increased density, decreased velocity, and smaller size droplets [30]. Larger droplets and injection angles become important for asymmetric mist/flame alignment. Efforts to decouple the physical (suppression due to droplet size and dynamics), thermal (due to heat capacity and... 

J. F. Widmann Characterization of a residential fire sprinkler using phase doppler interferometry, At. Sprays 12(1-3), 69-90 (2002). 

Most experiments used Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI), a method well suited for volatile solvents as used in ESI-MS [27]. A series of PDI measurements using various solvents are given in Table 1.2. One can deduce from this table that the dependence on the type of solvent is relatively small. Thus, droplets from all solvents experience Coulomb fissions close to, or at, the Rayleigh limit. The loss of mass on fission is between 2 and 5% of the parent droplet mass but the loss of charge is much larger, that is, some 15-25% of the charge of the parent droplet. 

A second method used by Gomez and Tang " is better suited for volatile solvents. It relies on phase Doppler interferometry (PDI). This method allows in situ measurements of the size and velocity of the electrosprayed droplets but not the charge, which must be inferred from other data. More recently, PDI was used by Beauchamp and co-workers, who obtained the charge of the droplets from a comparison of the measured and calculated droplet mobilities. A concise summary of results by these and other authors (Tallin et al., Richardson et al., and Schweizer et is given in Table 1.2. One can deduce from the... 

Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), archaeological materials, 5 742 Particle interferometry, phase Doppler,... 

Fig 1 Optical arrangement for measuring the velocity of a moving phase object using Schlieren Interferometry of Doppler-shifted laser light. A is the Doppler-shifted beam, and B is the reference beam... 

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