Pharmacology drug development

In particular, in silico methods are expected to speed up the drug discovery process, to provide a quicker and cheaper alternative to in vitro tests, and to reduce the number of compounds with unfavorable pharmacological properties at an early stage of drug development. Bad ADMET profiles are a reason for attrition of new drug candidates during the development process [9, 10]. The major reasons for attrition of new drugs are ... 

Whitebread, S., Hamon, J., Bojanic, D., and Urban, L. (2005). In vitro safety pharmacology profiling An essential tool for successful drug development. Drug Disc. Today 10 1421-1433. 

Calpain inhibition may represent an important mechanism for future drug development. Control of calpain activity may limit the invasive properties of cells and thereby provides a possible mechanism to limit the invasiveness of tumors or inhibits the development of chronic inflammation. For the moment, pharmacological inhibitors of calpains are still not capable of differentiating among different calpain isoforms in cellular systems or in vivo. The importance of calpains in diseases will continue to stimulate the development of new and better inhibitors. 

Clarke PA, te Poele R, Wooster R, Workman P (2001) Gene expression microarray analysis in cancer biology, pharmacology, and drug development progress and potential. Biochem Pharmacol 62 1311-1336... 

Buckley, N. J. (1990). Molecular pharmacology of cloned muscarinic receptors. In Transmembrane Signalling, Intracellular Messengers and Implications for Drug Development, ed. S. R. Nahorski, pp. 11-30. Chichester John Wiley 8r Sons. 

Kuhlmann J. Alternative strategies in drug development clinical pharmacological aspects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999 37[12] 575—583. 

The emphasis at this stage of the drug development process is upon assessing safety. Satisfactory pharmacological, and particularly toxicological, results must be obtained before any regulatory authority will permit commencement of human trials... 

Predictive validity is the ability of a model to predict the effect that pharmacological or other manipulations will have on the condition being modeled. This criterion can present a real difficulty, in that drug development is often dictated by animal models. For example, if a given model only detects a subset of effective compounds (i.e. those belonging to a specific chemical class), then useful candidates will be discarded long before clinical trials, and the flaw in the model s predictive validity will not be discovered. Thus, the possibility that a model will yield false negatives cannot be ruled out. 

Although pharmacology usually plays a critical role in drug development, the principles of pharmacology are less often followed in the practice of medical therapeutics, which is often performed by using predetermined or empiric prescribing patterns. Clinically there is often a broader set of rela-... 

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