Pharmaceuticals in Peace and War

In mid-1943 the CMR physiology projects had shown beyond much doubt that the sugar-affecting adrenal steroids would be of little value in military aviation, and the chemists appeared not much closer to achieving synthetic production in any case. 

as editor of the plant physiology journal Botanical Gazette, quickly published the full results side by side in December 1944. Both papers cite correspondence with Kraus in 1941 for the idea that hormones could be used for weed control. [24] By this point Kraus evidently recognized the agricultural potential of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T as herbicides, and may have been seeking to establish a priority date for conceiving this invention (a move with major intellectual property implica- 

This article owes much to help from archivists at the California Institute of Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Merck, the National Archives and Records Administration, Princeton University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Pennsylvania. The author is grateful to them for their assistance, to the Dibner Institute for the History of Science for a visiting fellowship in autumn 1998, to the National Science Foundation for grant SBR-9729131, which 

Kenney, Biotechnology The University-Industrial Complex (New Haven, 1986) id., Biotechnology and the creation of a new economic space, in A. Thackray (ed.), Private Science (Philadelphia, 1998), 131-143  

Enriquez, Genomics and the world s economy, Science 281 (1998) 925-926. For similar accounts of dramatic change in life scientist-industrialist relations, see E. 

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