Pharmaceutical industries, freeze-drying

Oetjen, G.W. Industrial freeze-drying for pharmaceutical applications, Table 3 and Fig. 10. Pharmaceutical freeze-drying, pp. 267-335. In Freeze-... 

Industrial freeze-drying has been in use for more than 60 years in the pharmaceutical field, but it is still a challenging process and we are certain that it will keep a leading role in the preservation of refined biochemicals and drugs in the coming years. It is our hope that this book constitutes a valid contribution to this development. 

Industrial Freeze-Drying for Pharmaceutical Applications Georg-Wilhelm Oetjen... 

Economical microwave equipment suitable for the requirements of industrial freeze drying of foods and pharmaceuticals on a large continuous scale is not yet available. 

GW Oetjen. Industrial freeze-drying for pharmaceutical applications. This... 

GW Oetjen. Industrial freeze-drying for pharmaceutical applications. In L Rey, JC May, ed. Freeze-drying/Lyophilization of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. New York Marcel Dekker, 1999. 

Barresi, A. A., 2010a. In-line optimization and control of an industrial freeze-drying process for pharmaceuticals. J. Pharm. Sci. 

Carpenter, J. F., Kreilgaard, L., Jones, L. S., Webb, S., Randolph, T. W. Mechanisms of protein stabilization by nonionic surfactants. Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals, presented by National Science Foundation, Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Pharmaceutical Processing, CPPR, Brownsville, Vermont USA, 1998... 

Trehalose is a relatively new bulk sweetener with potential for use in soft drinks. It is a di-glucose sugar and it occurs in nature in shellfish and mushrooms, where it confers a degree of protection to plant and animal cells in conditions causing dehydration. This led to its use as a cryoprotectant in freeze-drying systems in the pharmaceutical industry. In food markets, its potential use is as a bulk sweetener. It is manufactured using the Hayashibara patented process using starch as a raw material. The process involves enzymatic conversion and crystallisation to the trehalose dehydrate crystal (LFRA, 2001). 

The flavour and modern phytopharmaceutical industries have made big changes to the traditional pharmaceutical extraction processes. Whereas ethanol was really the only significant solvent apart from water used by the traditional pharmaceutical extractors, solvents such as hexane and acetone have been used by flavour companies to make soft-extract oleoresins for natural flavour components. Sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide and also some fluorohydrocarbons are now used to produce some very high-quality extracts. Modern concentration and drying processes such as reverse osmosis, spray-drying and freeze-drying... 

The weak point of freeze-drying is its low productivity (expressed in number of cycles per year) and its cost. Pharmaceutical industry constraints, operation under vacuum, and the implementation of the sublimation phenomenon indeed require great investments, large energy consumption, and production delays far above those required with more classical dehydration techniques industrial... 

By the development of new galenic systems in the form of freeze-dried Biomatrices, new application possibilities could be developed for the freeze-drying process in the pharmaceutical field as well as in cosmetics. Constant innovations and process optimizations made it possible to produce these products on an industrial scale in constant top quality with a maximum degree of product safety. 

Freeze drying and spray drying are drying methodologies in common use in the pharmaceutical industry, and are suitable for the production of... 

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