Pharmaceutical dosage forms application

This chapter describes the basic principles involved in the development of disperse systems. Emphasis is laid on systems that are of particular pharmaceutical interest, namely, suspensions, emulsions, and colloids. Theoretical concepts, preparation techniques, and methods used to characterize and stabilize disperse systems are presented. The term particle is used in its broadest sense, including gases, liquids, solids, molecules, and aggregates. The reader may find it useful to read this chapter in conjuction with Chapters 8, 12, and 14, since they include some of the most important applications of disperse systems as pharmaceutical dosage forms [1]. 

KOR Lehmann. Chemistry and application properties of polymethacrylate coating systems. In JW McGinity, ed. Aqueous Polymeric Coatings for Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, 2nd ed. New York Marcel Dekker, 1997, pp 101-176. 

NIRSystems, Inc., Application Note, Determination of active ingredients in solid (pharmaceutical) dosage forms utilizing solid-state standard additions, Silver Spring, Md. 

Applications of IR-spectroscopy in the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms... 

APPLICATIONS OF IR-SPECTROSCOPY IN THE ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS... 

J.D. Kirsch and J.K. Drennen, Near-infrared spectroscopy applications in the analysis of tablets and solid pharmaceutical dosage forms, Appl Spectrosc. Rev., 30(3), 139-174 (1995). 

Lehman K, Klaus OR (1989) In McGinity JW (ed) Chemistry and application properties of polymethacrylate coating systems in aqueous polymeric coating for pharmaceutical dosage forms. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 153... 

Suppositories are pharmaceutical dosage forms intended for administration of medicine via the rectum, vagina, or urethra that melt, soften, or dissolve in the body cavity. Rectal and vaginal suppositories are most common but urethral suppositories are sometimes used. Suppositories are indicated for administering drugs to infants and small children, severely debilitated patients, those who cannot take medications orally, and those for whom the parenteral route might be unsuitable. Suppositories are used to administer drugs for either systemic or local application. Local applications include the... 

Microcrystalline Cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose is a purified, partially depolymerized cellulose that occurs as a white, odorless, tasteless, crystalline powder composed of porous particles. It is widely used in pharmaceutical dosage forms, primarily as a filler-binder in oral tablets and capsules with both wet granulation and direct compression processes. Microcrystalline cellulose was marketed first in 1964 by the FMC Corporation under name Avicel PH in four different particle size grades, each with different properties.37 Addition of Avicel into a spray-dried lactose-based formulation overcame compressibility problems. At the same time, the lactose enhanced the flowability of the Avicel products available at that time. The direct compression tableting process became a reality, rather than a concept, partially because of the availability of Avicel. As of 2007, Avicel PH is commercially available in 10 types with different particle size, density, and moisture grades that have different properties and applications (Table 7.6).38 Other brands of microcrystalline cellulose are also available on the pharmaceutical market, including Pharmacel 101 and 102 from DMV International and Emcocel 50 M and 90 M from JRS Pharma. 

From the viewpoint of pharmaceutical applications of diffusion, the diffusion of drugs through polymeric materials is more important than that in water or pure solvents (i.e., free diffusion) because various pharmaceutical dosage forms employ polymers to control or retard the diffusion of drugs. The characteristic of polymer... 

HPLC has found considerable application within the pharmaceutical laboratory. For example, Roos [248] described a HPLC method for the separation, identification and quantitative determination of barbiturates in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The separation of 16 barbiturates was described and the effects of varying experimental parameters discussed. The successful separation of two cinchona alkaloids, four opium alkaloids, and heroin-related narcotics with measurements at nanogram to microgram levels has been achieved [249]. Quantitation and identification of morphine in opium in three samples was described by Wittwer [250]. 

Sample extraction and cleanup procedures for TLC are similar to those for gas chromatography (GC) and HPLC. If the analyte concentration is sufficiently high, pharmaceutical dosage forms can often be simply dissolved in a solvent that will completely solubilize the analyte and leave excipients or extraneous compounds undissolved to yield a test solution that can be directly spotted for TLC analysis. Grinding of the sample and application of heat and/or sonication may be required to assure solubility of the analyte, as well as filtration or centrifugation to remove undissolved excipients. If the analyte is present in low concentration in a complex sample, solvent extraction, cleanup (purification), and concentration procedures usually precede TLC in order to maximize the analyte and minimize interfering extraneous components in the... 

Extensive studies on liposomes date back to the 1960s. Many good comprehensive review references exist on compositions and manufacturing of lipo-somes " including the article Liposomes as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms in this volume. The earliest commercial liposomal formulations were developed for veterinary application (Novasome, IGI,... 

Nagai, T. Obara, S. Kokubo, H. Hoshi, N. Application of HPMC and HPMCAS to aqueous film coating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In Aqueous Polymeric Coatings for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2nd Ed. McGinity, J.W., Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1997 177-225. 

Friedman, M. Klausner, E. Gastroretentive controlled release pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int. Application 45. wool 37812, 2001. 

Vitamin E TPGS NF (o-ot-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) has been utilized for numerous applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Its... 

Kaiho F, Aoki T, Nakagane F, Nagano K, Kato Y. Application of fatty alcohols to pharmaceutical dosage forms. Yakuzaigaku 1984 44 99-102. 

Salazar DSM, Saavedra C. Application of a sensorial response model to the design of an oral liquid pharmaceutical dosage form. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000 26(1) 55—60. 

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