Pharmaceutical analysis high-speed

W. Santi, J.M. Huen, and R.W. Frei, High-speed ion-pair partition chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis , J. Chromatogr., 1975,115, 423. 

Finally, the fourth element is a widened scope of application. The fact that LC/MS is now routinely used during every stage of drug development is a powerful benchmark for acceptance. The increased performance of applications that incorporate LC/MS have, in turn, stimulated new performance levels for sample preparation, high speed separations, automated analysis, information databases, and software tools, to name a few. Motivated by unmet industry needs, the drive for new applications has stimulated tremendous growth in pharmaceutical analysis marked by invention and creativity. 

Hirano, H., Kurata, A., Onishi, Y. Sakurai, A., Saito, H., Nakagawa, H. et al. (2006) High-speed screening and QSAR analysis of human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCBll (bUe salt export pump) to predict drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 3, 252-265. 

Harrasch PB, Bente PF, Berger T. Combining mass spectrometry with supercritical fluid chromatography for high-speed pharmaceutical analysis. Business Briefing. Life Sci Technol Spring, 2003. 

SFC uses the same stationary phases as FIPLC. Selectivity is similar but not identical. One of the greatest differences from n-FIPLC is in speed. SFC optimum flow is inherently three to five times faster, while peak shapes are often significantly better. Unlike n-HPLC, SFC reequilibrates after passage of only a few column volumes. Overall, SFC is often much more than 10 times faster than FIPLC. A fast chiral SFC separation is shown in Figure 4. Note that the column is not high speed but a standard 4.6x250 mm column with 10 pm particles. Some industrial pharmaceutical companies have dropped HPLC for chiral analysis and use SFC for less polar solutes, and high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) for water-soluble solutes. Unlike HPCE, SEC is scalable. 

However, there are drawbacks. Longer analysis times and high solvent consumption of various separation methods are of main concern for the analytical chemist. Therefore, high speed and low sample consumption of analysis are being increasingly demanded in many areas where HPLC is applied, including pharmaceutical and food analysis, in order to increase throughput and reduce loss of time and extra sample volume. At the same time, the rapid separation of samples is an analytical... 

The analysis of droplet streams is important in spray freezing which is often used in pharmaceutical atomization processes [63]. A major feature for the quality of the spray is the droplet size variation. Due to droplet-on-demand techniques the variation in size of droplets leaving the nozzle is very small [63]. However, the influence of atmospheric friction introduces a variation of the droplets in a jet [64]. This is shown in the image series in Fig. 8.19, which is comprised of several images captured at different vertical distances to the nozzle with a high-speed camera [64]. It shows that droplet collisions occur and lead to a merger of two subsequent droplets. This increases the size of a droplet and results in a loss of quality. 

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