Petroleum map

In order to attempt to remove some of these potential ambiguities, more recent developments of this concept have focused on the solubility parameter. The simplest map that can be derived using the solubility parameter is produced with the solubility parameters of the solvents used in solvent separation procedures, and equating these parameters to the various fractions (Figure 3-17). However, the solubility parameter boundaries determined by the values for the eluting solvents that remove the fractions from the adsorbent offer a further step in the evolution of petroleum maps (Figures 3-18 and 3-19). 

Figure 3-18 Petroleum map based on molecular weight and solubility parameter.

Seam correlations, measurements of rank and geologic history, interpretation of petroleum (qv) formation with coal deposits, prediction of coke properties, and detection of coal oxidation can be deterrnined from petrographic analysis. Constituents of seams can be observed over considerable distances, permitting the correlation of seam profiles in coal basins. Measurements of vitrinite reflectance within a seam permit mapping of variations in thermal and tectonic histories. Figure 2 indicates the relationship of vitrinite reflectance to maximum temperatures and effective heating time in the seam (11,15). 

Figure 12-61A. Typical performance map of centrifugal compressor. (Used by permission Fullermann, J. Report, Centrifugal Compressors, 1963. Cooper Energy Services, Cooper-Bessemer Rotating Products Div., Cooper-Cameron Corporation. Originally printed Advances in Petroleum Chemistry and Refining, Interscience Publishers Div., John Wiley and Sons. No longer in publication. All rights reserved.)...

The Microwave-Assisted Process (MAP ) technology uses microwaves, and solvents that are relatively transparent to microwaves, to extract chemicals from various matrices based on the temperature differential between the solvent and the target compound. According to the developers, the technology is applicable to soils and wastes containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other organic compounds. 

Overland Pipelines. Detailed maps of gas pipelines in the United States and other parts of the world can be found in several references, particularly among the periodicals serving the pipeline industry. Notable among these references is the international petroleum encyclopedia and atlas issued periodically by Petroleum Publishing Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma. Numerous trade associations serving the pipeline industry are also excellent sources on pipeline statistics, There are so many pipelines that presentation of this type of information is beyond the scope of this encyclopedia. 

Raw data gathered from seismic surveys must be processed to compensate for and to remove a variety of distortions unwanted noises created by weathered near-surface rocks, normal time delays, and echoing by rebounding acoustic waves—to provide the clearest possible image of the strata below. Computers can restore these distortions in a fraction of the time that was formerly required to adjust the data painstakingly by hand. Advanced techniques not only permit presentations in three dimensions, but also in color, and to create contour maps and models of subterranean features. However, even with the use of sophisticated tools, there remains a large measure of uncertainty. History has shown repeatedly that a prospective area rejected by one petroleum firm has been accepted by another and proved to be successful. 

Nevertheless, in the simplest sense, petroleum can be considered composites of four major operational fractions. However, it must never be forgotten that the nomenclature of these fractions lies within the historical development of petroleum science and that the fraction names are operational and are related more to the general characteristics than to the identification of specific compound types. Nevertheless, once a convenient fractionation technique has been established, it is possible to compare a variety of different feedstocks varying from conventional petroleum to propane asphalt (Corbett and Petrossi, 1978). Later studies have focused not only on the composition of petroleum and its major operational fractions but on further fractionation, which allows different feedstocks to be compared on a relative basis to provide a very simple but convenient feedstock map. 

Composition map a means of illustrating the chemical make-up of petroleum using chemical and/or physical property data. 

Karlsen D. A. and Latter S. (1990) A rapid correlation method for petroleum population mapping within individual petroleum reservoirs apphcations to petroleum reservoir description. In Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration (ed. J. D. Collinson). Norwegian Petroleum Society, Graham and Trotman, pp. 75-85. 

Where such changes can be measured and mapped at surface, they provide the basis for a number of surface exploration methods for petroleum. Some of these changes are in principle amenable to measurement and mapping by remote sensing techniques. 

The purpose of an activity map is to show at what range of concentrations in a system and how a chemical flood will work. For a given reservoir where the temperature, composition of crude oil, and residual oil saturation are fixed, five kinds of variables are under our control types of alkalis, concentrations of alkalis, types of surfactants, concentrations of surfactants, and salinity. Another important variable that is not under our direct control is the type and amount of petroleum acid that will convert to soap when contacted by the alkalis. As discussed earlier, the amount of soap will determine the concentrations of alkali and surfactant injected. In other words, to generate an activity map, we have to know the amount of soap that can be generated. Because the alkali concen-ttation typically is much greater than that required to convert all the petroleum acids in the oil to soap, the petroleum soap concentration (meq/L) is calculated... 

Thus a feedstock map can be used to show where a particular physical or chemical property tends to concentrate on the map. For example, the coke-forming propensity, that is, the amount of the carbon residue, is shown for various regions on the map for a sample of atmospheric residuum (Fig. 2.7 Long and Speight, 1998). In addition, a feedstock map can be very useful for predicting the effectiveness of various types of separations processes as applied to petroleum (Fig. 2.8 Speight, 2001). 

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