Petroleum hydrology

Table 8.3 Effect of volatilization on physical properties of residual kerosene. Reprinted from Galin Ts, Gerstl Z, Yaron B (1990) Soil pollution by petroleum products. Ill Kerosene stability in soil columns as affected by volatilization. J Cont Hydrology 5 375-385. Copyright 1990 with permission of Elsevier...

Yaron B, Sutherland P, Galin T, et al. 1989. Soil pollution by petroleum products n. Adsorption-desorption of "kerosene" vapors on soils. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 4 347-358. 

This edition is updated and expanded from a portion of the second edition (Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology The Applied Approach, Marcel Dekker, 1997). The remaining material in the second edition has been adapted and expanded for Hydrology of Oceans, Formation Waters, and Petroleum Deposits (Marcel Dekker, Inc., in press). 

Person M. A. and Garven G. (1992) Hydrologic constraints on petroleum generation within continental rift basins theory and apphcation to the Rhine Graben. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bull. 76, 468—488. 

Chapelle E. H. (1999) Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater the perspectives of history and hydrology. Ground Water 31 ), 122-132. 

Occurrences of elemental sulfur in peat, coal, and petroleum are described in Chapter 6.4. The role of sulfate reducers in these environments is suggested by the fact that fossil fuels formed in marine environments, where sulfate is in abundant supply, have significantly more sulfide and native sulfur than those formed under freshwater conditions. In fact, a general geological feature of native sedimentary sulfur deposits is their location in sulfate-carbonate rocks and proximity to oil-gas-bearing strata and hydrologic zones where sulfate waters mix with chloride brines (Ivanov, 1964). 

The role of permeability in Darcy s law is to quantify the hydraulic conductivity of the medium. Permeability has dimensions (length), and is typically assigned units such as cm or pm in hydrology or materials science literature. The unit darcy, which has retained prominence in petroleum engineering, is based on an inconsistent set of traditional engineering units, and thus requires the awkward conversion 1 darcy = 1 cm cp/(atms) = 9.8692 x 10 cm. ... 

Multiphase flow theory is very well developed because of applications such as interfacial separations, petroleum production, and vadose-zone hydrology yet, it remains a mostly empirical science. This is a consequence of the complex physics of flow and because the parameters describing multiphase flow are highly sensitive to pore structure and interfacial configurations. Though three-phase flow is important in applications such as oil production and contaminant transport in the subsurface, we limit the following discussion to two-phase flow for simplicity. 

University of Ploiesti PETROLEUM-GAS National Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Water Management... 

Figure 10.16 is a fair representation of the flow between an injeetion and a production well in a porous medium and hence has some application in petroleum reservoir engineering and hydrology. If C in Eq. 10.59 is a constant, then, as A gets smaller and smaller, the flow at any point (except a point directly between the source and the sink) must become smaller and smaller, approaching zero, because more and more of the flow will take the direct path from the source to the sink. If we replace C in Eq. 10.59 with CM, then the total flow increases just as the distance between the sink and source A decreases. In this case the flow at any point does not go to zero as A goes to zero we find the value of as A goes to zero by L Hospital s rule ... 

This potential-flow theory also describes the flow of a viscous fluid in a porous medium, which has considerable practical significance in petroleum reservoir engineering, hydrology, filters, etc. 

This is Laplace s equation, which describes potential flow. It is widely used in heat flow and electrostatic field problems an enormous number of solutions to Laplace s equation are known for various geometries. These can be used to predict the two-dimensional flow in oil fields, underground water flow, etc. The same method can be used in three dimensions, but solutions are more difficult. The solutions to the two-dimensional Laplace equation for common problems in petroleum reservoir engineering are summarized by Muskat [3]. The analogous solutions for groundwater flow are shown in the numerous texts on hydrology, e.g., Todd [4]. See Chap. 10 for more on potential flow. 

The main impact for modeling two-phase flow in porous media came from petroleum reservoir simulation [4, 5] and from hydrology [6]. Most available models are based on the concept of capillary pressure and on some upscaling of capillary information from the micro to the macro scale. We will restrict ourselves to that case. 

Aelion, C.M. Impact of aquifer sediment grain size on petroleum hydrocarbon distribution and biodegradation. Journal cf Contaminant Hydrology 1996, 22 (1-2), 109-121. 

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