Perylene red

Pervaporation systems, 15 798 Perxenates, 17 326 Perylene Green (Yellow), colorant for plastics, 7 374t Perylene pigments, 19 443 commercial, 19 444t Perylene Red... 

Direct metal deposition from metallic sources has been extensively used for model catalyst deposition for high-throughput and combinatorial studies. However, these methods are also increasingly used to deposit practical electrocatalyst materials. The best known approach is the one developed by 3M researchers have used physical vapor deposition to deposit Pt and Ft alloys onto nanostructured (NS) films composed of perylene red whiskers. The approach has been recently been reviewed by Debe. ... 

Perhaps the most widely used of the perylene pigments is Pigment Red 179 8-n (X = N-CHs), also known as perylene red. In spite of the intensive investigation and widespread use of this compound, it can join the ranks of sucrose and naphthalene as very commonly crystallized compounds that as yet have exhibited no evidence of polymorphism. 

Recently, the development of carbon-free materials has been published [82]. The organic material Perylen red serves as a conductive and stable support, forming a surface structure with very dense whiskers. The activity of this new electrode is higher than that of carbon supported electrode and shows even better electrochemical stability. The structure of this electrode material is shown in Fig. 9. 

Another very important application is the dispersion of pigments that are difficult to disperse (e.g., carbon black, transparent iron oxides, phthalocyanine blue and green, and perylene red). The use of CAB and two-roll milling is the most efficient method of dispersion. 

Peroxyacetic acid. See Peracetic acid Peryflene maroon. See Pigment red 179 Perylene red Y. See Perylenetetracarboxylic anhydride 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide. See Perylimide... 

Synonyms Cl 71127 Perylene red Y Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic anhydride Pigment red 224 Classification Perylene pigment Empirical C24H8O6 Properties M.w. 392.31... 

Phthalocyanine green (green) Isoindoline yellows (yellow) Perylene reds (red)... 

The ruthenium interaction with the perylene red carbonyl groups is not unexpected, as this type of interaction has been reported for other metals and molecules with structures comparable to perylene red [29-31]. Nonetheless, it was surprising to find that ruthenium interacts with the perylene red, due to the fact that the whiskers are covered with a relatively thick layer of Pt (15-20 nm see Fig. 22.1). It was even more surprising to observe the extent to which this interaction occurs, as presented in Table 22.1. Our initial assumption was that the Ru-perylene interaction takes place through the discontinuities in the Pt layer. However, if taking place only at the Pt-perylene interface, the size and density of the discontinuities would have to be much higher than that observed in STEM images. 

In order to better understand the interaction between Ru and perylene red, a subsequent study was conducted on ruthenium overlayers deposited directly on the bare perylene red whiskers with a systematic range of loadings [32]. The intention... 

As expected, the C Is core level spectmm of bare perylene red substrate (Ru thickness of 0 run in Fig. 22.4) has only carbon peaks associated with the carbonyl and aromatic/aliphatic carbons there is no peak at 287 eV related to the ether (C-O) bonds. However, the C Is-Ru 3d core level spectra for ultrathin Ru loadings do clearly show the emergence of the new carbon peak at 287 eV, along with the BE shift and broadening of Ru 3d5/2 photoemission. The obtained XPS data confirm the occurrence of a Ru interaction with perylene red and formation of multiple mthe-nium oxidation states. The formation of Ru(CO)x- or Ru(OC)x-type bonds was further confirmed by the stoichiometry derived from curve fitting analysis. 

In order to explain the observed differences in the ruthenium and iridium behavior at the interface with Pt-NSTF, the iridium overlayers were also grown on the bare perylene red whiskers by systematically increasing their thickness in the range from 0.1 to 34.8 nm [32]. 

The changes in BE and line shapes of Ir 4f core level photoemission with increasing Ir coverage on perylene red whiskers clearly demonstrate the existence of reacted Ir + valence state at low Ir coverage (Fig. 22.6). The Ir 4f and Ru 3d core level curve fitting analysis reveals that the contribution of metallic state is higher for iridium, which indicates its much weaker chemical interaction at the interface with perylene red. Umeacted mthenium was not even present at low coverage up to 1 nm (Fig. 22.7). 

The XPS data indicates clearly an interaction of both Ru and Ir with the perylene red whiskers. However, the nature and the extent of these interactions with the perylene red were found to be fundamentally different. The impact of these differences on the catalysts stability and durability needs to be smdied further. 

Fig. 22.7 Comparison of metallic Ru and Ir contributions at the interface with perylene red...

Atanasoska LL, Cullen DA, Hester A, Atanasoski RT (2012) XPS and STEM of the intmface formation between ultra-thin Ru, Ir and Pt layers and perylene red catalyst support whiskers. In PRiME 2012, Honolulu, HI... 

Figure 14.7 SEM image of3M NSTF Pt-coated whiskers of crystalline organic Perylene Red.

Nanostructured Thin Film (NSTF) Electrode. Debe et al. [59, 60] employed sputter technology and deposited catalyst on a nanostructured thin film (NSTF). This NSTF is an oriented crystalline organic whisker. Perylene red (PR) is a highly useful organic material for growing the NSTF. To form an electrode, the... 

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