Persulfate degradation

The above equation is obtained by the stoichiometry of persulfate degradation. 

Fluonnatedphenols are usually oxidized to cyclohexadienone and benzoqui-none derivatives and to products of ring rearrangement and ring degradation Phenols with a tnfluoromethyl group at the nng are hydroxylated by potassium persulfate [57], whereas chloric acid causes oxidation to quinone, mg contraction, and incorporation of chlorine in the product [58] (equation 53)... 

Emulsions may be polymerized by use of a water-soluble catalyst (initiator), such as potassium persulfate, or a monomer-soluble catalyst, such as benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrilc. Suspension and solution polymerizations employ the monomer soluble catalysts only. In addition to the above-mentioned initiators, diisopropyl pcroxydi-carbonatc may also be employed, where lower-temperature polymerization may be desired, e.g., to reduce branching and minimize degradation. 

The activation of persulfate occurs via the generation of the highly active sulfate radical (SO4- ), and this step requires a transition metal catalyst (Ag+, Fe2+, Mn2+, etc.) or a form of energy (heat, UV light, etc.). Heat activation has been studied in detail from some time to explain the degradation of persulfate in aqueous solutions (Kolthoff and Muller 1951 Berlin 1986 Tanner and Osmar 1987) ... 

Huang, K., Z. Zhao, G. Hoag, A. Dahmani, and B. Block (2005). Degradation of volatile organic compounds with thermally activated persulfate oxidation. Chemosphere 61, 551-560. 

Ammonium persulfate can induce a more complete degradation of A-substituted phenothiazines. A systematic study of this reaction led Nano and co-workers to conclude that an amine, two aldehydes, and colored phenothiazine derivatives are the final products when there are two carbon atoms in the side chain. This means that both 146 and 147 are 0-oxygenated, very probably hydroxyla-tedi24.392 J50 aldehydes, and 148 represents a mixture... 

Significant enhancement effects of electron acceptors (additives) such as hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulfate, potassium bromate, and potassium peroxymono-sulfate (oxone) on the Ti02 photocatalytic degradation of various organic pollutants were observed already in early investigations [376]. The results showed that these additives markedly improved the degradation rate of 2,4-dichlorophenol. The enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of sulfide ions on phthalocyanine modified titania was ascribed [377] to the additional formation of superoxide radicals. 

No dialdehyde groups are detectable in modified celluloses obtained by oxidation of cellulose with persulfate, hypobromite, hypochlorite, permanganate, nitric acid, or dichromate. " Alkaline-hypochlorite oxidized starches, which have already been partially degraded by alkali, are more resistant to alkaline degradation than are unmodified starches, and the alkali-lability slowly decreases with increasing oxidation because of the resulting oxidation of reducing ends."... 

Free-radical reactions. Silver nitrate, sodium persulfate, and iron(III) nitrate constitute an oxidizing system that degrades carboxylic acids to radicals. Adding these reactive intermediates to radical acceptors such as methyl vinyl ketone, acrylic esters, and acrylonitrile initiates synthetically useful processes. Monoamides of oxalic acid undergo oxidative degradation by (NH )2SjOg in the presence of AgNOj-Cu(OAc)2 to afford isocyanates in a biphasic system (11 examples, 45-87%). ... 

Electrolytes strongly decrease the CMC of usual emulsifiers, such as sodiiun dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Fig. 14). The source of electrolytes in an emulsion polymerization may be carboxylate groups terminating the EUP molecules, radical initiators (e.g. K2S20g), inorganic bases (e.g. NaHCOj) for neutralizing add degradation products of persulfate initiators or other external electrolytes. With an EUP, the effect of electrolytes, such as Na -ions, on the CMC is much less pronounced than in case of SDS. The presence of hydrophobic comonomers, such as S, decreases the CMC. This decrease is smaller with EUP- than with SDS-micelles. The nature of the cation also plays a role for CMC. 

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