Peroxide Peroxyacid

The most important methods of preparing A-oxides are by oxidation of tertiary bases, which is effected by means of hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacids, or ozone. 

Organic peroxides Acyl or alkyl peroxides peroxyacids Diacetyl peroxide bis(trifluoroacetyl)... 

Organic peroxides can be classified according to peroxide stmcture. There are seven principal classes hydroperoxides dialkyl peroxides a-oxygen substitued alkyl hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides primary and secondary ozonides peroxyacids diacyl peroxides (acyl and organosulfonyl peroxides) and alkyl peroxyesters (peroxycarboxylates, peroxysulfonates, and peroxyphosphates). 

Synthesis. Many different methods for the preparation of peroxyacids have been described (165). The most widely used method is the direct, acid-cataly2ed equihbtium reaction of 30—98 wt % hydrogen peroxide with catboxyhc acids (168) ... 

Another difference between sulfides and ethers is that sulfides are easily oxidized. Treatment of a sulfide with hydrogen peroxide, H202, at room temperature yields the corresponding sulfoxide (R2SO), and further oxidation of the sulfoxide with a peroxyacid yields a sulfone (R2S02)-... 

Peroxide complexes which are neither peroxyacids nor their derivatives. These may also be divided into mononuclear and multinuclear compds... 

Tertiary amines can be converted to amine oxides by oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide is often used, but peroxyacids are also important reagents for this purpose. Pyridine and its derivatives are oxidized only by peroxyacids. In the attack by hydrogen peroxide there is first formed a trialkylammonium peroxide, a hydrogen-bonded complex represented as R3N-H202, which can be isolated. The decomposition of this complex probably involves an attack by the OH moiety of the H2O2. Oxidation with Caro s acid has been shown to proceed in this manner ... 

A process that is effective for epoxidation and avoids acidic conditions involves reaction of an alkene, a nitrile, and hydrogen peroxide.82 The nitrile and hydrogen peroxide react, forming a peroxyimidic acid, which epoxidizes the alkene, by a mechanism similar to that for peroxyacids. An important contribution to the reactivity of the peroxyimidic acid comes from the formation of the stable amide carbonyl group. 

Oxidation of ketones with hydrogen peroxide or with a peroxyacid, RC020H (cf. p. 330) results ia their conversion into esters ... 

See Hydrogen peroxide Acetic acid, or Acetic anhydride, or Vinyl acetate See peroxyacids (references 5,6) See other GLASS INCIDENTS... 

Dining an attempt to prepare an anhydrous 25% solution of peroxyacetic acid in acetic acid by dehydrating a water-containing solution with acetic anhydride, a violent explosion occurred. Mistakes in the operational procedure allowed heated evaporation to begin before the anhydride had been hydrolysed. Acetyl peroxide could have been formed from the anhydride and peroxyacid, and the latter may have detonated and/or catalysed violent hydrolysis of the anhydride [1], A technique for preparing the anhydrous acid in dichloromethane without acetyl peroxide formation has been described [2],... 

A violent explosion occurred during the distillation of solvents that had contained the peroxyacid. Although the solvents had been treated by addition of sodium sulfite to reduce the acid, dipropionyl peroxide (which is not reduced by sulfite, and which may have been produced by the sulfite treatment) remained in solution and subsequently decomposed on heating. If the solvent is added to the sulfite solution, the diacyl peroxide is not formed. 

Attempts to prepare benzeneperoxysulfonic acid by interaction of the anhydride and 90-95% peroxide led to explosively violent decomposition within a few s. When diluted with acetic acid, the reaction mixture soon began to decompose, leading to violent boiling. It was concluded that the peroxyacid is too unstable for more than transitory existence. 

Kuchta, J. M. el al., Rep. Invest. No. 5877, Washington, US. Bur. Mines, 1961 Admixture produces peroxyacids, some of which are unstable and explosive. Aqueous peroxide solutions containing formic acid, acetic acid or tartaric acid above certain concentrations can be caused to detonate by a severe explosive shock. 

Warning is given that sodium sulfite may not remove all peroxidic compounds if peroxyacids are present, with which it can form undetectable, but unstable, complex peroxides [19], Peroxide test strips may not be sufficiently reliable as the sole means of testing for presence of peroxides in a wide range of peroxidisable liquids. It was recommended that an additional test (potassium iodide-acetic acid) should be used unless it is certain that the test strips will give a positive result with a particular peroxide-containing liquid [20],... 

Inorganic acids with a peroxide function are given the IUPAC name above, which distinguishes them from the organic peroxyacids. Collectively they are a group of very powerful oxidants, individual compounds being ... 

The peroxyacids were until relatively recently the most powerful oxidants of all organic peroxides, and it is often unnecessary to isolate them from the mixture of carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide used to generate them. The pine lower aliphatic members are explosive (performic, particularly) at high, but not low concentrations, being sensitive to heat but not usually to shock. Dipicolinic acid or phosphates have been used to stabilise these solutions. The detonable limits of peroxyacid solutions can be plotted by extrapolation from known data. Aromatic peroxyacids are generally more stable, particularly if ring substituents are present [1],... 

The patented preparation of peroxyacids [2] by interaction of carboxylic acids with hydrogen peroxide in presence of metaboric acid needs appropriate safeguards to prevent accidental separation of the cone, peroxyacids [3], Much descriptive data on stabilities of a wide selection of peroxyacids has been summarised [4], A general method of preparation of peroxyacids involving addition of e.g. the anhydrides of acetic, maleic, phthalic or trifluoroacetic acids to a suspension of 90%... 

Benzeneperoxyseleninic acid, 2337 Benzeneperoxy sulfonic acid, 2341 3-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid, 2676 Diperoxyazelaic acid, 3189 Diperoxyterephthalic acid, 2925 Monoperoxysuccinic acid, 1542 Peroxyacetic acid, 0837 Peroxybenzoic acid, 2733 3-Peroxycamphoric acid, 3348 Peroxycrotonic acid, 1535 Peroxyformic acid, 0420 Peroxyfuroic acid, 1837 Peroxyhexanoic acid, 2514 Peroxy propionic acid, 1236 Peroxytrifluoroacetic acid, 0666 Trichloroperoxyacetic acid, 0659 See 1 /-DI(BENZOYLPEROX Y)ARYLIODINES POLYMERIC PEROXYACIDS ORGANIC PEROXIDES... 

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