Peroxide as intermediate

Comotti M, Della Pina C, Falletta E, Rossi M (2006) Aerobic oxidation of glucose with gold catalyst hydrogen peroxide as intermediate and reagent. Adv Synth Catal 348(3) 313-316... 

Regardless of the source of the resins, their formation involves basically an oxidation reaction mechanism that produces peroxides as intermediate species. In the presence of sulfuric acid, the... 

The pharmaceutical industry employs ozone in organic reactions to produce peroxides as germicides in skin lotions, for the oxidation of intermediates for bacteriostats, and in the synthesis of steroids (qv) such as cortisone (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). Vitamin E can be prepared by ozonation of trimethyUiydroquinone. 

In studies of the polymerization kinetics of triaUyl citrate [6299-73-6] the cyclization constant was found to be intermediate between that of diaUyl succinate and DAP (86). Copolymerization reactivity ratios with vinyl monomers have been reported (87). At 60°C with benzoyl peroxide as initiator, triaUyl citrate retards polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl choloride, and vinyl acetate. Properties of polyfunctional aUyl esters are given in Table 7 some of these esters have sharp odors and cause skin irritation. 

Chloiotoluenes aie used as intermediates in the pesticide, pharmaceutical, peroxide, dye, and other industries. Many side chain-chlorinated derivatives are... 

The peroxidic three-membered dioxirane (16) (80JOC4758) and the thiaziridinimine (17) (76JOC3403) were made plausible as intermediates, but there was no direct proof of their existence. 

The reactions of copper salts with diacyl peroxides have been investigated quite thoroughly, and the mechanistic studies indicate that both radicals and carbocations are involved as intermediates. The radicals are oxidized to carbocations by Cu(II), and the final products can be recognized as having arisen from carbocations because characteristic patterns of substitution, elimination, and rearrangement can be discerned " ... 

Gilbert and coworkers18 were able to detect ESR spectra of sulfinyl radicals together with other sulfur-centered radicals during the oxidation of disulfides and thiols with a titanium(III)-peroxide couple reaction mechanisms involving sulfenic acids as intermediates have been discussed. 

Reaction of Unsaturated Compounds with Dialkyl Phosphites The diesters of phosphorous acid are somewhat resistant to oxidation and used as intermediates for the reaction with olefins forming phosphonic acids. The reaction takes place in the presence of free radical initiators, such as di-/-bu-tyl peroxide [104,105]. 

Other reachons involving oxygen are those reachon steps in oxygen reduction which are of importance in their own right, such as the formation of hydrogen peroxide as a relahvely stable intermediate ... 

Benzoyl peroxide as a pure solid is classified as a deflagration hazard. When it is a solid containing about 30% water it is an intermediate fire hazard. As a paste (50% peroxide) it is a low fire or negligible hazard. See reference 18 for a definition of hazard classifications. Benzoyl peroxide containing 50% water will be purchased. It should be stored in a separate cool area, since all peroxides have short half-lives. 

The light output is visually distinctly lower than that of a dia-zaquinone, or a hydrazide of comparable structure. A bridged peroxide is not possible as intermediate for steric reasons. 

The cyclic peroxide 137 is proposed as intermediate. Similar high efficiencies are observed with the compounds 135 and 136. 

Oxidation of organic compounds by dioxygen is a phenomenon of exceptional importance in nature, technology, and life. The liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons forms the basis of several efficient technological synthetic processes such as the production of phenol via cumene oxidation, cyclohexanone from cyclohexane, styrene oxide from ethylbenzene, etc. The intensive development of oxidative petrochemical processes was observed in 1950-1970. Free radicals participate in the oxidation of organic compounds. Oxidation occurs very often as a chain reaction. Hydroperoxides are formed as intermediates and accelerate oxidation. The chemistry of the liquid-phase oxidation of organic compounds is closely interwoven with free radical chemistry, chemistry of peroxides, kinetics of chain reactions, and polymer chemistry. 

The conception, proposed by Haber [17-19], was very close to Traube s hypothesis. Haber considered the formed hydrogen peroxide as an intermediate that can oxidize other substrate for example, the induced oxidation of S02 during the oxidation of As203 was treated according to the following scheme ... 

A molecule of linear alkyl ether possesses a very convenient geometry for intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction by the peroxyl radical. Therefore, chain propagation is performed by two ways in oxidized ethers intermolecular and intramolecular. As a result, two peroxides as primary intermediates are formed from ether due to oxidation, namely, hydroperoxide and dihydroperoxide [62],... 

The formation of chloramines is an initial step of another mechanism of oxidative modification of LDL. It has been shown that the MPO-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system reacts with L-tyrosine to form p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde [163], As activated neutrophils release both MPO and hydrogen peroxide, it was suggested that neutrophils can stimulate the formation of p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde by producing chloramines as intermediates during the oxidation of LDL [164],... 

Naphthalic acid imide 69 is obtained through air oxidation of acenaphthene 72 with vanadium peroxide as a catalyst. The intermediate, naphthalic anhydride 73, is subsequently reacted with ammonia ... 

Diorgano diselenides have been used extensively as precursors to seleninic acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.The catalytic activity of preformed seleninic acids and seleninic acids generated in situ are identical. Diorgano ditellurides have also been used as catalysts in thiolperoxidase-like reactions for the oxidation of thiols with various peroxides. However, tellurinic acids are not thought to be involved even though RTe(=0)SPh types of structures are proposed as intermediates. 

Various metallo-phthalocyanines (Pht) and metallo-tetraphenylporphyrins (TTP) have been tested as catalysts for the oxidation of sulfides into sulfones by hydrogen peroxide. TPPFe(III)Cl in ethanol was the only catalyst tested to give 100% conversion into sulfones in under 5 min sulfoxides were identified as intermediates. PhtFe(III) gave sulfoxides in 100% yield and PhtMn(III) and TPPMn(III)Cl gave the sulfoxides in up to 70% yields. The absence of any by-product, in particular disulfide,... 

Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7), which have ferric protoheme prosthetic groups, react non-selectively via free radical mechanisms, using hydrogen peroxide as the electron acceptor. A reactive Fe(IV)-0 species and a radical heme intermediate are formed, and the intermediate then reacts with the reducing substrate to produce the oxidized product, regenerating the Fe(III) ion. 

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