Permissive fermentation

Some mycehal fermentations exhibit early sporulation, breakup of mycehum, and low yields if the shear is excessive. A tip speed or 250 to 500 cm/s (8 to 16 ft/s) is considered permissible. Mixing time has been proposed as a scale-up consideration, but httle can be done to improve it in a large fermenter because gigantic motors would be required to get rapid mixing. Culturing cells from plants or animals is beset by mixing problems because these cell are easily damaged by shear. 

Fig. 8.6. Glucose concentration, cell density and production of ethanol in batch fermentation with initial concentration of 50 g-l 1 glucose versus time. Reprinted from Najafpour et al. (2004).18 Copyright with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 5.9 Design of a generalized microbial cell fermentation vessel (a) and an animal cell bioreactor (b). Animal cell bioreactors display several structural differences compared with microbial fermentation vessels. Note in particular (i) the use of a marine-type impeller (some animal cell bioreactors-air lift fermenters-are devoid of impellers and use sparging of air-gas as the only means of media agitation) (ii) the absence of baffles (iii) curved internal surfaces at the bioreactor base. These modifications aim to minimize damage to the fragile animal cells during culture. Note that various additional bioreactor configurations are also commercially available. Reprinted with permission from Proteins Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2002), J. Wiley Sons...

FIGURE 3 CE-SDS separations of non-reduced and reduced preparations of rMAb control samples labeled with 5-TAMRA SE, and a sample that exhibited evidence of a microbial infection during cell culture fermentation. The arrows indicate the appearance of new peaks in the infected rMAb samples. (Reprinted from reference 11, with permission.)... 

Figure 7.4 Collection of commercial Raman probes designed for different installations (a) laboratory scale probe with interchangeable immersion or noncontact optics, shown with immersion option (b) probe shown in (a) installed in laboratory fermentation reactor (c) production scale immersion probe (d) probe shown in (c) installed in a glass reactor (e) gas phase probe with flow through cell (f) probe shown in (e) installed in process piping (g) wide area illumination (WAI) noncontact probe after completion of a pharmaceutical tablet coating operation. Adapted, with permission. Copyright 2004 Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc.

One U equals one international unit, except for substrates releasing azure dye, where it equals that activity Uberating 0.1 OD at 595 nm (1 cm cuvette) per min. (Adapted with permission from ref, 9. Copyright 1990 Society of Fermentation Technology, Japan.)... 

Reproduced with permission from Ref. 22. of Fermentation Technology, Japan.)... 

Figure 5. Presumed Structural and Optical Isomers Contained in DPG and Isolation of Isomers by Glass Capillary GC-MS (Total Ion Monitoring). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 23. Copyright 1985 The Society of Fermentation Technology, Japan.)...

The in situ NIR probe was attached to a steel holder on the fermentation tank and immersed into milk broth. [Note that it is permissible to include was with immersed, but it is less concise that way.)... 

Figure 6.1 Factors affecting ethanol production from glucose using baker s yeast (S. cerevisiae) in a gas-solid fluidized bed fermenter. Reproduced from Hayes (1998) with permission.

Figure 3.5 — Reactor system fermenter, 1000 mL metal reactor, 135 ml reactor material, stainless steel (VIIA) AB alginate beads. (Reproduced from [40] with permission of Elsevier Science Publishers).

Figure 3.12 — Interfacing of a fermenter to an FI system. The fermenter medium is continuously recycled by a pump to the filter unit, from which the filtrate is guided to a small reservoir (500 /xL). The sample solution is aspirated through a dialyser, the acceptor stream of which is fed to the injector of the FIA system. The analyte content is assayed amperometrically by using the glucose sensor incorporating the enzyme-containing chemically modified electrode. (Reproduced from [86] with permission of Elsevier Science Publishers).

Figure 3.31 — (A) Continuous monitoring of analytes in a fermentation medium. In the absence of analyte, the analyte enzyme conjugate binds predominantly to sensor 1 (left). At high analyte concentrations in the medium, the signal shifts to sensor 2 (right). (B) Principle of the membrane immunosensor. (Reproduced from [225] and [226] with permission of VCH Publishers).

Figure 4.11. a so liter bench fermenter that can be scaled for production of recombinant proteins. The bench-top scale configuration contains all the control valves and ports necessary to monitor and control cell cultivation while maintaining sterility of the culture. The stainless steal reaction vessel allows easy cleaning and permits heat and pressure sterilization in place by connecting the vessel to a steam supply. (New Brunswick Bioflo-4500, adapted from the manufacturer s literature with permission)... 

FIGURE S.4 Relative fibrin-clotting and amidolytic activity of thrombin as a function of the concentration of desalted fermented anchovy sauce (dFAS). Anticoagulation activity was assessed by the increase in the fibrin clotting time (empty circles) and the release of p-nitroaniline (closed circles). Data are presented as the mean SD (n —3). Source Kim et at. (2004). Permission has been obtained for the use of copyrighted material from Elsevier B.V. 

Fig. 24.6. The degree of inhibition measured in fermentation process of white grape juice spiked with (1) 500 ppb of Paraoxon and (2) 500 ppb of Aldicarb. Reprinted from Ref. [55] with kind permission of Springer Science.

Figure 6.8 Diagram of instrumental configuration of the LC/MS system used for characterization of crude fermentation extracts. The system consists of the following components (1) HPLC (2) loop injector (3) guard column (4) 5pm C18 HPLC column (4.6mm x 25cm) (5) zero dead volume tee (6) UV detector (7) fraction collector (8) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with ESI interface (9) ESI power supply and gas manifold and (10) syringe pump. (Reprinted with permission from Ackermann et al., 1996a. Copyright 1996 Elsevier.)...

FIGURE 1.1 Scheme of carbonic maceration winemaking. AM, anaerobic metabolism of grape berries YAF, yeast alcoholic fermentation M, maceration qd = pair temperature (q°C) action duration (days). (Figure from CEnologie—fondements scientifi-ques et techniques. Flanzy et al. collection Sciences Techniques Agroalimentaires. Technique Documentation, 1998, p. 780. Reproduced with the permission of the Editor.)... 

Historically, the technical term fermenters is used for any reactor design used for microbial or cellular or enzymatic bio conversions and is basically synonymous with a vessel equipped with a stirring and aeration device. (High performance) bioreactors, however, are equipped with as large as possible a number of sensors and connected hard- or software controllers. It is a necessary prerequisite to know the macro- and microenvironmental conditions exactly and to keep them in desired permissive (or even optimal) ranges for the biocatalysts in other words, the bioreaction in a bioreactor is under control [307, 401]. 

Fig. 8 a, b. a PCA classification of lignocellulose hydrolysates from pine, spruce, aspen and birch using a combination of MOS, MOSFET and CP sensors, b Prediction of the ferment-ability of the same hydrolysates expressed as specific ethanol production rate using ANNs with topologies adapted to the sensor array (from [34] with permission of ACS)... 

FIGURE 2 Recovery of erythromycin from fermentation. (Reprinted from Verrall35 by permission of Oxford University Press.)... 

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