Permissible system dispersion

Figure 5.5 Comparison of EDXRF and WDXRF detection systems. Fluorescent X-rays are emitted by the sample on the left. The upper line shows a wavelength dispersive XRF system the lower shows an energy dispersive system. (Reproduced from Pollard and Heron 1996 44, by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.)...

Figure 8.30 Degree of saturation of various phases as a function of T in a heterogeneous system. A = complete equilibrium B = disequilibrium C = dispersion of saturation curves as a result of boiling. Reprinted from M. Reed and N. Spycher, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 1479-1492, copyright 1984, with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington 0X5 1GB, UK.

Non-dispersive AFS system (with permission from PS Analytical Ltd). 

Figure 8.8 (See color insert following page 390.) Plug formation via aggregation in an oil-dominated system. (From Turner, D.J., Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Water-in-Oil Dispersions, Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (2004). With permission.)...

Figure 2.4 Effect of size of interface on molecular recognition efficiency as exemplified by guanidinium-phosphate interaction (a) molecularly dispersed system (b) mesoscopic interface (surfaces of micelles and bilayers) (c) macroscopic interface (air-water interface).31 (Reprinted with permission from...

FIGURE 3-4. Effect of bandspreading upon performance. Same as Figure 3-3, except with a column and system having much lower dispersion 2 mm ID x 100 mm column 200 /xL/min flow rate and a 2 /xL sample. (Reproduced with permission of Rheodyne.)... 

High Speed Disc dispersion systems. Idealized flow in mixing vessel and typical installations. Reproduced by permission of Dlaf AG from house literature. 

FIG. 15-40 Sieve tray flooding data. System toluene (dispersed) + water (continuous). Tray spacing = 30.5 cm. Column diameter = 42.8 cm. [Taken from Seibert, Bravo, and Fair ISEC 02 Proc., 2, pp. 1328-1333 (2002), with permission. Copyright 2002 South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.]... 

Figure 8.63. Finite element method stress analysis around the particulate in polystyrene, (a) the system with dispersed softer particles, (h) the system with dispersed harder particles, (c) the system with dispersed particles having a peeling layer (adsorbed polymer). [Adapted, by permission, from Mitsui S, Kihara H, Yoshimi S, Okamoto Y, Polym. Engng. Sci., 36, No.l7, 1996, 2241-6.]...

Fig. 7.13. Different types of cavities in gas dispersion systems [87]. The 3 — 3 cavity structure consists of three large cavities and three clinging cavities in a symmetrical pattern around a six-blade disk style turbine. By permission from Tatterson (personal communications, 2006).

FIGURE 5.19 Recorded peaks for the reagent (R) and sample (S) solutions in a typical sequential injection system. M = monitored signal IP = iso-dispersion point wD, w wr, = baseline widths of the overlapped zone, sample zone and reagent zone respectively. Note that wD is obtained by extrapolation. For details, see Ref. [97]. Figure adapted with permission from "T. Guebeli, G.D. Christian,. Ruzicka, Fundamentals of sinusoidal flow sequential injection spectrophotometry, Anal. Chem. 63 (1991) 2407". Copyright 1991, American Chemical Society. 

Fig. 15.20 Experimental set-up for determination of ND2 by means of a photodiode system and dispersive spectroscopy with computerized data acquisition and treatment. (Reproduced from [74] wih permission of the Natural Research Council of Canada).

PERSONAL PROTECTION wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, chemical-resistant gloves, and gas-tight suit wear dust- and splash-proof safety goggles a closed system of local exhaust ventilation is required to control emissions at the source and to prevent dispersion into general work area appropriate respirators are needed in areas where exposure would be above the permissible exposure level wear positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus in unknown concentrations of IDLH conditions maintain eyewash baths or safety showers in work area. 

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