Permethrin adverse effects

Permethrin. Terrestrial impact studies on single and double applications of 17.5 g permethrin/ha to forest ecosystems have revealed little or no adverse effects on forest songbirds, small mammals, honeybee colonies, or ground insects, but short-lived and sometimes heavy knockdown of arboreal and flying invertebrates have been documented (42-44). Extensive aquatic impact studies... 

Permethrin is increasingly being used to tackle a variety of problems requiring an effective insecticide that will not cause adverse effects in the receiving environment. It is used, for example, as a mothproofing agent in carpet manufacture, and in garden sprays to combat a variety of pests.)... 

A wide variety of ectoparasiticides is available, and brand switching is frequent, which is an indication of the problems faced in achieving acceptable parasite control. Concentrated ectoparasiticidal dermal spot-on products are used for the control fleas and ticks and are commonly used on household pets such as dogs and cats. Synthetic pyrethroids such as permethrin and deltamethrin are extremely effective against fleas and other ectoparasiticides in the dog [42], but because of their adverse effects in cats, they are usually contraindicated for this species. 

The topical application of insecticides and/or repellents can reduce exposure. Suggested regimens include the application of 200 ml 0.5% fen-valerate alongjhe line of the back. Alternatively 1 litre 0.1% fenvalerate may be applied as a body spray. This should be repeated every 7 days, or following exposure to rain. Permethrin insecticidal repellents are also effective and are used as a pour on preparation (30-40 ml 4% permethrin). However, adverse skin reactions have been reported following application. Cypermethrin and permethrin are also used in plastic tags or strips that can be attached to the head collar, mane and tail. 

---