Percarbonate bleach

Carbonic acid, disodium salt compd. with hydrogen peroxide (2 3) Disodium carbonate, compound with hydrogen peroxide (2 3) Disodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide (2 3) EINECS 239-707-6 FB Sodium percarbonate Oxyper, Perdox Peroxy sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate peroxide Sodium percarbonate. Bleaching agent for domestic and industrial use, denture cleaner, mild antiseptic. Chemoxal Degussa AG Interox Am. 

World production expressed as 100% H2O2 approached 1.9 million tonnes in 1994 of which half was in Europe and one-fifth in the USA. The earliest and still the largest industrial use for H2O2 is as a bleach for textiles, paper pulp, straw, leather, oils and fats, etc. Domestic use as a hair bleach and a mild disinfectant has diminished somewhat. Hydrogen peroxide is also extensively used to manufacture chemicals, notably sodium perborate (p. 206) and percarbonate, which are major constituents of most domestic detergents at least in the UK and Europe. Normal formulations include 15-25% of such peroxoacid salts, though the practice is much less widespread in the USA, and the concentrations, when included at all, are usually less than 10%. 

Oxygen bleaches such as sodium carbonate peroxide (also called sodium percarbonate), sodium peroxide, or sodium perborate are made by reacting molecules with hydrogen peroxide. When the result is added to water, the hydrogen peroxide is released. 

Azolides used as activators for sodium percarbonate/perborate in laundry bleaching,1261-1291 for decreasing the affinity of polyamide textile materials for acid dyes,1301 and as antiflammatory agents 1311... 

Aftertreatment with detergent (2-5 g/1) and sodium carbonate (2-5 g/1) often enhances whiteness and may improve fabric absorbency, particularly if the goods have not been scoured before bleaching. Antichlor treatment is unnecessary for white goods but may be required before coloration. A convenient antichlor treatment involves combining the detergent aftertreatment with sodium perborate, percarbonate or thiosulphate [143]. Traditional reductive antichlors such as sodium bisulphite are not recommended, since their residues can be just as troublesome as chlorite residues. 

The dominant bleaches in Europe and many other regions of the world are of the peroxide variety. The usual sources of hydrogen peroxide are inorganic peroxides and peroxohydrates. The most frequently encountered source is sodium perborate tetrahydrate. Sodium perborate monohydrate and sodium percarbonate have been increasingly used at the expense of sodium perborate tetrahydrate. 

Separate peroxygen bleaches, hydrogen peroxide, or its sources like sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate from water to prevent premature reaction, such as by suspending the solids between surfactant lamellae in the structured liquid. 

Laundry powders in Europe use sodium percarbonate and a bleach activator, tetraacetylethylenediamine ( ED), to form peracetic acid in the washing machine that then reacts with bleachable stains such as tea, red wine, coffee, and curry to remove /bleach them from cloth. Transition metal ions, in particular copper, cause first decomposition of peracetic add before it can bleach stains and second react with peroxide to form highly readive hydroxyl radicals that can cause dye and fabric damage [32]. Chelants bind with copper and other metals to prevent these unwanted side readions. 

The bleach in a dishwasher tablet or powder is percarbonate and this needs a bleach activator, but now it is possible to add a metal compound as a catalyst because there is no danger of the contents of the dishwasher suffering in the way that some fabrics can be affected. In some tablets a new self-activating bleaching agent, PAP (short for 6-(phthalimido)peroxyhexanoic acid) is used and this needs no activator or catalyst. 

Sodium percarbonate has now to a great extent replaced sodium perborate. It is an addition compound of hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate, INajCOj.SHjO,. A one per cent solution has a pH of 10-5, which is very suitable for bleaching. One pound dissolved in 100 gallons of water w ould give the equivalent of a 0-5 per cent (w/w) solution of hydrogen peroxide. 

The peroxygen bleaches, typically perborate or percarbonate salts, produce peroxide in aqueous solutions. The effectiveness of peroxide as an oxidizing agent at relatively low wash temperatures (120 to 140°F) is unfortunately minimal. Peracids (RC(O)OOH), which can be generated by the activation of carboxylic acids by peroxide or can be added directly, have not found use in LADD compositions in spite of their relatively high oxidation potentials because of their instability in aqueous solution. 

Bleaching agents Sodium perborate sodium percarbonate 0-10 - 8-15 - 0-6... 

Synthawhite. [Piedmcmt Chem. Industries] Sodium percarbonate-based com for bleaching of cotton and blends. 

Bleaches (and activators) Sodium perborate Sodium percarbonate (Tetra-acetyl-ethylene-diamine)... 

The principal peroxy hydrates of commerce are sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, which are used to replace hydrogen peroxide where a dry substance is desired. Sodium perp3rrophosphate has limited use as a bleaching and dyeing auxiliary. 

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