Penetration evaluation

Table 3 and Fig. 10 compare the Average penetration depth AP for the whole sample without distinction between earlywood and latewood for both wood species for the three adhesive mixes with the penetration evaluated separately for the earlywood and the latewood sections of the samples. 

Trichioracetic acid Low-cost procedure Uniformity of application and penetration Evaluation of the frost permits easy to modulate depth of penetration Stinging and burning sensation during the application High concentrations are not recommended in skin types V and VI Hypo/hyperpigmentation can occur... 

The new design of photothermal eamera has been thoroughly evaluated on different kinds of cracked metallic (mainly steel) parts in order to compare its sensitivity to the one of penetrants. For that purpose, an experimental set-up has been built. 

The removing penetrant test is performed on sanded and cracked reference block defined in standard NFA 09.520 ( see figure 1, annex 1) and permits the evaluation of the washability of penetrants. 

The removal tests show important variations between products which do not influence the results because all penetrant can be washed easily. Resistance test to over washing give an evaluation of the hanging up of the product on the pieee and because the washing is an operation realized by an operator for our applications, they permit to have a good idea on the influency of this operation on the end of the test one operator who washes too much a penetrant increases the probability to make the indications desappear. 

M. Stadthaus Evaluation of the viewing Conditions for fluorescent Magnetic Particle-and Penetrant Testing, INSIGHT Dez. 1997... 

New Development in the Evaluation of Weld Depth Penetration by Laser Ultrasounds. 

Nondestmctive evaluation, also termed nondestmctive testing or nondestmctive inspection, is extensively used in weld testing (14). Nondestmctive tests do no impair the serviceabiUty of the material or component under stress. The most widely used tests for evaluation of welds are Hquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonics, and radiography. Acoustic-emission tests are increasingly used. Nondestmctive tests detect and characterize, in terms of size, shape, and location, the various types of weld discontinuities that can occur. 

Knoop developed an accepted method of measuring abrasive hardness using a diamond indenter of pyramidal shape and forcing it into the material to be evaluated with a fixed, often 100-g, load. The depth of penetration is then determined from the length and width of the indentation produced. Unlike WoodeU s method, Knoop values are static and primarily measure resistance to plastic flow and surface deformation. Variables such as load, temperature, and environment, which affect determination of hardness by the Knoop procedure, have been examined in detail (9). 

Other Models for Mass Transfer. In contrast to the film theory, other approaches assume that transfer of material does not occur by steady-state diffusion. Rather there are large fluid motions which constantiy bring fresh masses of bulk material into direct contact with the interface. According to the penetration theory (33), diffusion proceeds from the interface into the particular element of fluid in contact with the interface. This is an unsteady state, transient process where the rate decreases with time. After a while, the element is replaced by a fresh one brought to the interface by the relative movements of gas and Uquid, and the process is repeated. In order to evaluate a constant average contact time T for the individual fluid elements is assumed (33). This leads to relations such as... 

The -NH(CH2)3N(CH2)2 amide of teicoplanin factor A2-2, coded MPT. 62,873 [122173-74-4] was also prepared. The combined effect of a moderate basicity and a slightly increased lipophilicity at neutral pH probably led to a better penetration through the cell wall. MDL 62,873 was consistentiy more active than teicoplanin against CNS clinical isolates (119,120). No semisynthetic dalbaheptide is under clinical evaluation at this writing. 

X-Ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF) is a well-established instrumental technique for quantitative analysis of the composition of solids. It is basically a bulk evaluation method, its analytical depth being determined by the penetration depth of the impinging X-ray radiation and the escape depth of the characteristic fluorescence quanta. Sensitivities in the ppma range are obtained, and the analysis of the emitted radiation is mosdy performed using crystal spectrometers, i.e., by wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy. XRF is applied to a wide range of materials, among them metals, alloys, minerals, and ceramics. 

For quantitative evaluation of ERDA energy spectra considerable deviations of recoil cross-sections from the Rutherford cross-section (Eq. 3.51) must be taken into account. Light projectiles with high energy can penetrate the Coulomb barrier of the recoil atom the nuclear interaction generally leads to a cross-section that is larger than ctr, see Eq. (3.51). For example, the H recoil cross-section for MeV He projec-... 

California bearing ratio tests are used to evaluate subgrades for pavements. These tests may be carried out in the field or in the laboratory. Such tests determine the resistance to penetration of a subgrade soil relative to that of a standard crushed-rock base. 

The corrosion rate of a metal in terms of weight loss per unit area (g m" d ) or rate of penetration (mm y" ) can be calculated from Faraday s law if the current density is known. Conversely, the corrosion current density can be evaluated from the weight loss per unit area or from the rate of penetration. The following symbols and units have been adopted in deriving these relationships in which it is assumed that corrosion is uniform and the rate is linear ... 

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