Penetration Accelerators

Acetamide has been produced commercially since the 1920s, but it is not certain that it is still in commercial use, although it was previously used as an intermediate in the synthesis of methylamine, thioacetamide, hypnotics, insecticides, medicinals and various plastics, a solvent, a soldering flux ingredient, a wetting agent and penetration accelerator for dyes, and as a plasticizer in leather, cloth and coatings (IARC, 1974). 

Uses Penetration accelerator, wetting agent, deaerating agent, defoamerfor textile goods, esp. for circulation dyeing machines Features Promotes constant liquor flow, hence inside-outside levelness and risk of channeling are reduced stable to acid, alkali, electrolytes, shear APEC and solv.-free... 

Uses Penetration accelerator, defoamer, wetting agent, deaerating agent for textiles, esp, rec, for jet and overflow machines with short liquor ratio or air stream tech,... 

Uses Penetration accelerator, defoamer, wetting agent, deaerating agent for continuous dye applies. 

Uses Penetration accelerator, deaerating agent, antifoam, wetting agent for alkaline bleach or dye systems... 

The primary source energy can be switched between 6, 9 and 11 MeV. So it is possible to penetrate and examine up to 0.6 m solid steel objects. In front of the accelerator a collimator... 

Of course the real projectile-surface interaction potential is not infinitely hard (cf figure A3,9,2. As E increases, the projectile can penetrate deeper into the surface, so that at its turning point (where it momentarily stops before reversing direction to return to the gas phase), an energetic projectile interacts with fewer surface atoms, thus making the effective cube mass smaller. Thus, we expect bE/E to increase with E (and also with W since the well accelerates the projectile towards the surface). 

In (a), a pulse of ions is formed but, for illustration purposes, all with the same m/z value. In (b), the ions have been accelerated but, because they were not all formed in the same space, they are separated in time and velocity, with some ions having more kinetic energy than others. In (c), the ions approach the ion mirror or reflectron, which they then penetrate to different depths, depending on their kinetic energies (d). The ones with greater kinetic energy penetrate furthest. In (e), the ions leave the reflectron and travel on to the detector (f), which they all reach at the same time. The path taken by the ions is indicated by the dotted line in (f). 

Aluminum containers are recommended for many appHcations because of the very hard, corrosion-resistant oxide coating. They are deficient in only one respect once the protective skin has been penetrated, aluminum corrosion accelerates. 

Ion Implantation Systems. An ion implantation system is used to accelerate ionized atomic or molecular species toward a target sample. The ionized species penetrates the surface of the sample with the resulting depth profile dependent on the implanted species mass, energy, and the sample target s tilt and rotation. An implanter s main components include an ionizer, mass separator, acceleration region, scanning system, and sample holder (168). 

Styrene 32 (Vinyl benzene) C6H5CH CH2 490 1.1-6.1 0.9 3.6 145 Colourless/oily yellow liquid Penetrating odour Polymerizes slowly in air or light, accelerated by heat or catalysts Ignition/explosion possible Usually inhibited Store <21 °C... 

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