Penetrating capabilities

Mature males given weekly intraperitoneal injections of 20 or 50 mg Pb/kg BW as lead acetate for 6 weeks vs. 20 or 50 mg sodium acetate/kg BW as controls Dose-dependent increases in blood and sperm lead concentrations. Serum testosterone levels reduced in lead-exposed rats, possibly from generation of reactive oxygen species, and resulting in premature acrosome reaction and reduced sperm oocyte-penetrating capability 39... 

Calder JA, Ganellin CR (1994) Predicting the brain-penetrating capability of hista-minergic compounds. Drug Des Discov 11 259-268. 

DeMorre Formula. A formula expressing the relationship between the projectile characteristics and armor plate penetration capabilities Ref Glossary of Ord (1959), 91-R... 

The SADARM system is thought to be unique because it uses a passive mm wave radiometric sensor in a high spin mode at low altitude — for the first time ever in a munition it uses a vortex ring parachute that maintains a constant spin rate and drop velocity, and is exceptionally stable and it delivers a long-standoff fragment warhead with armor-penetrating capability Ref Anon, ARRADCOM Voice (Oct 17,1977), 7... 

The following data and rules of thumb are helpful in estimating the penetrating capability of and danger of exposure to various types of ionizing radiation. More precise data should be used for critical applications. 

There are two basic types of stationary seabed systems (1) fixed and (2) portable systems as shown in Figure 4.7. The systems shown in the figure have penetration capability ranging from about 10 m in very hard soils to more than 50 m in soft soils. Certain types of stationary systems, usually having a penetration capability of less than 15 m, do not have tensioned cables as shown in Figure 4.7, particularly the cable that supports the upper end of the test rods. In such instances, a column supports the test rods (Beard and Lee, 1982). The seabed jacking machine shown in the figure traditionally provides discontinuous penetration and retraction of the cone, piezocone, or vane sensors that may be attached to the lower end of the test rods. Continuous penetration and retraction machines have recently... 

Mobile or submersible seabed systems can be subdivided into unmanned and manned systems (Figure 4.11). These systems typically have very limited penetration capability because of the lack of reaction in the free-swimming submersible. Even with the vertical thrusters on full power, forcing the submersible down to complement whatever negative buoyancy that can be provided, penetration of the types of equipment shown in Figure 4.6 has been about 1 m in hard soils and about 3 m in soft soils (Richards, 1972). In special studies, such as for pipelines, a carrier tool and test rod-sensor has been deployed from both unmaimed and manned submersibles. A cone penetrometer and a temperature cone have been deployed from both types of submersibles (Kolk and Power, 1983 Geise and Kolk, 1983). 

The indicated temperature limits depend on the aggressiveness, concentration, and penetration capability of the medium and may in individual cases be too high. If no experience is available, corrosion tests are reconunended. 

Sub-Bottom-Profiler This system is another multi-frequency acoustic system which is comparable to a seismic monitoring system of low seabed penetration capability. The acoustic emissions are frequency-modulated and the pulse rate is adjustable to suit the local requirements. The echoed signal can be recorded and processed into a display-form similar to the side-scan-sonar. It produces information about the thickness of sedimentation and can plot the contour of the seabed below the sedimentation layer. 

XRR has been applied to the study of EEIs on several systems [201-205]. The technique was found to be sensitive not only to the formation of reaction layers but also to mass loss at the electrode surface due to processes of corrosion (dissolution) [201]. Of particular interest is the application of high energy synchrotron beams as sources, as their deep penetration capabilities enables the design of operando cells (Fig. 7.10a) [203], Therefore, uncertainty due to equilibration in the absence of an electrochemical potential is eliminated. The structural and chemical stability of EEIs during the lithium insertion/extraction processes have thus been evaluated (Fig. 7.10b) [201-204]. The dependence of these irreversible reactions on the crystal facet of the electrode material forming the EEI was established. It was found that electrolyte decomposition processes were coupled with the redox process occurring in the bulk of the electrode, which is a critical piece of information when designing materials that bypass such layer formation. 

Ultraviolet (UV) light is directly effective against microbes. Unfortunately, it has low penetrative capabilities and even a thin film will serve as an effective barrier between radiation and microbes. Thus, its use is generally restricted to laboratory applications for surface sterilization. Skin and eyes must be shielded (by glass) from continued exposure to UV light. Ozone (O3) is being used in water treatment. Ozone degrades rapidly in warm water (>35°G/95°F). Thus, at present, its primary application is cold-water recirculation systems. 

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