Pediocin

Class II bacteriocins can be further divided into four groups based on structural features pediocin-like bacteriocins, two-peptide bacteriocins, cyclic bacteriocins and linear non-pediocin-like one-peptide bacteriocins. NMR has been used to characterise examples from each of these subgroups. 

Bauer, R., Chikindas, M.L., Dicks, L.M.T. (2005). Purification, partial amino acid sequence and mode of action of pediocin PD-1, abactericin produced by Pediococcus damnosus NCFB 1832. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 101, 17-27. 

Schoeman, H., Vivier, M., du Toit, M, Dicks, L.M.T., and Pretorius, I.S. 1999. The development of bactericidal yeast strains by expressing the Pediococcus acidilactici pediocin gene (pedA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15, 647-656. 

Vazquez, J. A., Gonzalez, M. P., and Murado, M. A. (2004). Murado Pediocin production by Pediococcus acidilactici in solid state culture on a waste medium. Process simulation and experimental results. Biotech. Bioeng. 85, 676-682. 

Bari, M.L., Ukuku, D.O., Kawasaki, T., Inatsu, Y., Isshiki, K., and Kawamoto, S. 2005. Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid, and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population of inoculated fresh-cut produce. Journal of Food Protection 68 1381-1387. 

Nisin is not the only antimicrobial additive that was recently added to cellulose films. Pediocin (ALTA 2351), another antimicrobial peptide, from Pediococcus sp, was investigated by Santiago-Silva et al. [40] for its activity in a cellulose emulsion against L. innocua and Salmonella sp. Using processed meat products, cellulose films containing 25% and 50% pediocin were placed on sliced ham that had been immersed in the bacterial solutions. Incubation was carried out under vacuum and at 12°C for 0-15 days. The team found the 50% pediocin-containing cellulose films reduced the growth of L. innocua by 2 log cycles after 15 days of incubation. Reduction in Salmonella sp. however was low at 0.5 log cycle after 12 days for both 25% and 50% pediocin concentrations [40]. 

Pediocin-like antimicrobial peptides, class Ha bacteriocins, cationic membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides with 37 to 48 residues produced by a group of lactic acid bacteria. Members of this dass indude, for example, leucocin A, pediodn PA-1, sakacin P, curvacin A, and mesenteridn Y105 [G. Fimland et al., J. Peptide Sci. 2005, 11, 688]. 

Class (II A) Listeria-active peptides. They have a consensus sequence in the N-terminus of-T-G-N-G-V-X-C- represented by pediocin PA-1. Other examples are sakacin A, sakacin P, leucocin A, mesentericin Y105 [42-45]. 

A fourth class, proposed by Klaenhammer [21] is rather questionable. This class comprised the complex bacteriocins, composed of protein plus one or more chemical moieties (lipid, carbohydrate) required for activity plantaricin S, leuconocin S, lactocin 27, pediocin SJ-1 [57-61]. The existence of this fourth class was supported by the observation that some bacteriocin activities were destroyed by glycolytic and lipolytic enzymes [60]. However, such bacteriocins have not yet been characterized adequately at the biochemical level and the recognition of this class therefore seems to be premature. The class IIC of the Klaenhammer [21] classification has recently been shown not to exist. 

The class IIA pediocins PA-l/AcH and JD were reported to exhibit their bactericidal action at the cytoplasmic membrane and to cause a collapse of the pH gradient and proton motive force [66,73]. Furthermore, a leakage of K+, UV-adsorbing materials, permeability to ONPG, and in some cases cell lysis, although not attributed to the primary pediocin AcH action were observed [66,... 

Pediocin PA-1 was shown to dissipate the proton motive force and inhibit the amino acid transport in sensitive cells [75]. lipoteichoic acid is essential for non-specific pediocin AcH binding, and sensitive cells present a specific receptor that potentiates contact with the membrane [17,66]. Pediocin PA-1 displays an important M-terminal -Y-G-N-G-V-X-C- consensus common with other anti-Listeria bacteriocins such as sakacin A (= curvacin A) and P, and leucocin A. This finding suggests an important role of the N-terminus in either the recognition and/or activity of the pediocin-like bacteriocins. 

Fig. 4. Representative class II non-lantibiotic bacteriocin operons. The class II non-lantibio-tic bacteriocins include lactococcin A, B> M and G [46,125,126,128,135,136], lactacin F [77], pediocin PA-1 and AcH [62, 130, 131], mesentericin Y105 [124], sakacin A [133] and plantaricin A [49, 134], The structural genes are highlighted as black arrowheads. Genes with similar proposed function or substantial sequence similarity are highlighted in the same manner. The arrowheads indicate the direction of transcription. The function of MesC, and SapOSTUV of the mesentericin Y150 and plantaricin A operons is unknown...

Fig. 7. Alignment of leader peptides of class lA, and class lAn lantibiotics and class 11 non-lantibiotic bacterlocins. Lantibiotics with class lAj leaders include nisin A and nisin Z from different strains of Lactococcus lactis [83], subtilin from Bacillus subtilis [84], epidermin, gal-lidermin and Peps from various Staphylococcus epidermidis strains [29,90,188], Lantibiotics with class lAn leaders include lacticin 481 (lactococcin DR) from L. lactis [211], streptococcin A-FF22 from Streptococcus sp. [199], salivaricin A from Streptococcus salivarius and cytolysin LI and L2 from Enterococcus faecalis [122]. Bacteriocins of the non-lantibiotic class 11 type include leucocin A from Leuconostocgelidum [69], lactococcin A, B and M from L. lactis [46,125,126,135,136],pediocin PA-1 from Pediococcus acidilactici [130], and sakacin A and lactacin F from Lactobacillus sp. [43,203]...

Schved F, Lalazar A, Henis Y, Juven BJ (1993) Purification, partial characterization and plasmid linkage of pediocin SJ-1, a bacteriocin produced by Pediococcus acidilacitici. JAppl Bacterid 74 67- 77... 

Bhunia AK, Johnson MC, Ray B, Kalchayanand N (1991) Mode of action of pediocin AcH from Pediococcus acidilactici H on sensitive bacterial strains. J Appl Bacteriol 70 25-33... 

Ray B, Hoover DG (1993) Pediocins. In Hoover DG, Steenson LR (eds) Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Academic Press, New York, pp 181-210... 

Chikindas ML, Garcia-Garcera MJ, Driessen AJM, Ledeboer AM, Nissen-Meyer N, Nes IF, Abee T, Konings WN, Venema G (1993) Pediocin PA-1, a bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici PACl.O, forms hydrophyUc pores in the cytoplasmic membrane of target cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 3577 - 3584... 

Marugg JD, Gonzalez CF, Kunka BS, Ledeboer AM, Pucci MF, Toonen MY, Walker SA, Zoetmulder LCM, Vandenberg PA (1992) Cloning, expression and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in production of pediocin PA-1, a bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici PACl.O. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 2360-2367... 

Bakhtiyarova M, Yang R, Ray B (1994) Analysis of the pediocin AcH gene cluster from plasmid pSMB74 and its expression in a pediocin-negative strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 3405 - 3408... 

Venema K, Kok J, Marugg JD, Toonen MY, Ledeboer AM, Venema G, Chikindas L (1995) Functional analysis of the pediocin operon of Pediococcus acidilactici PAC 1.0 PedB is the isnmunity protein and PedD is the precimsor processing enzyme. Mol Microbiol... 

Chikindas ML, Venema K, Ledeboer AM, Venema G, Kok J (1995) Expression of lacto-coccin A and pediocin PA-1 in heterologous hosts. Lett Appl Microbiol 21 183-189... 

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