Pediatric electrolyte

The necessary components of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solutions include glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and water (Table 39-2). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends rehydration with an electrolyte-concentrated rehydration phase followed by a maintenance phase using dilute electrolyte solutions and larger volumes. 

CN098 Yartey, J., E. K. Harisson, L. A. Brakohiapa, and E. K. Nkrumah. Carbohydrate and electrolyte content of some home-available fluids used for oral rehydration in Ghana. J Trop Pediatr 1993 39(4) 234-237. 

Gibson, L.E., and R.E. Cooke. 1959. A test for concentration of electrolytes in sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas utilizing pilocarpine by iontophoresis. Pediatrics Evanston) 23 545. 

Holler B, Omar S, Farid M, Patterson Jevitz M. Effect of Fluid and Electrolyte Management on Amphotericin B-Induced Nephrotoxicity Among Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics 2004 113. 

Melville C, Shah A, Matthew D, Milla P. Electrolyte disturbance with omeprazole therapy. Eur J Pediatr 1994,153(1 ) 49-51. 

Journal of Trauma 46 216-223 Carcillo J A, Davis A L, Zaritsky A 1991 Role of early fluid resuscitation in pediatric septic shock. Journal of the American Medical Association 266 1242-1245 Carlson G P 1999 Quantative estimation of fluid and electrolyte deficits. In Proceedings of the Bluegrass Equine Medical and Critical Care Symposium, Lexington, KY 1999 pp. 

Dialysis transplantation pediatric nephrology proteomics genetics electrolyte physiology hypertension plasmapheresis mineral metabolism pharmacology internal medicine nephrolithiasis. 

The use of body surface area to gauge the needs of patients for parenteral fluids and electrolytes in clinical medicine has been an accepted practice for years. It is particularly pertinent to pediatric practice. The normal water... 

Paedamin (Pfrimmer) Experimental amino acid/carbohydrate/elec-trolyte solution for pediatric use/ The Pfrimmer factory has kindly supplied an experimental amino acid/carbohydrate/electrolyte solution the composition of which corresponds closely to the amounts specified in Table I. The pattern of essential amino acids takes into account the results of Snyderman et al. (12). The E/T ratio (ratio between essential and total amino acids) is 2.8 which is close to the composition of the cellular proteins which are accumulated during growth. 

In 1928 James Gamble and Monroe Mclver of Harvard, then in the midst of their pioneer work that stimulated the study of electrolytes in pediatrics, found that the total chloride concentration of cat gastric juice obtained from the body of the stomach was constant and almost equal to the fixed base, that is, all the cations remaining after incineration of the sample of the animal s plasma. Hydrogen ion concentration plus fixed base in the juice varied reciprocally, but their sum was equal to that of chloride. In secretions from the antrum that contained no acid, the fixed base and the sum of chloride and bicarbonate were each nearly equal to the fixed base of plasma (Fig. 1-7). These data imply that gastric secretions are nearly... 

Fig. 13.1. The transport of amino acids across the intestinal and tubular cells involves several steps, which are demonstrated schematically for a proximal tubular cell AAy amino acid BLMy basolateral membrane BBMy brush border membrane TBMy tubular basement membrane ly specific transporter at the luminal membrane 2, passive efflux from cytosol into tubular lumen 3, transport system at the basolateral membrane 4, transport from peritubular site into cytosol 5, energy production for electrolyte transport 5, passive efflux via paracellular gaps. (Taken from Foreman, JW and Segal, S (1987) Fanconi syndrome. In Pediatric Nephrology (eds. Holliday MA, Barratt TM and Vernier RC), pp 547-565, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, with permission to and modified by Brodehl J)...

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