Pattern transfer techniques calculation

Gal-Or and Resnick (Gl) have developed a simplified theoretical model for the calculation of mass-transfer rates for a sparingly soluble gas in an agtitated gas-liquid contactor. The model is based on the average gas residencetime, and its use requires, among other things, knowledge of bubble diameter. In a related study (G2) a photographic technique for the determination of bubble flow patterns and of the relative velocity between bubbles and liquid is described. 

Spatially Oriented Molecules [72-77]. A continuous beam of CH3CI or CH3I molecules is oriented via the hexapole technique before their scattered intensities are measured in the GED unit described before [31,32]. The molecules are oriented preferentially parallel or antiparallel to the electron beam and show oscillating deviations from the scattering pattern of unoriented molecules up to 4% as a function of momentum transfer, quite similar to previous calculations using the independent-atom model (lAM)... 

Atomic force microscope tips can also be used to deposit matter on a surface at nanometer scale. The reference example is dip-pen nanolithography where molecules deposited on the tip diffuse to the surface when in contact and define patterns with dimensions as small as 15 nm. An extension is the so-called NADIS technique, for which a nanochannel drilled at the tip apex is used to deposit liquid from a reservoir defined on the top of the cantilever (for a review of these methods refer to chapter 12). Besides its applications for nanopatterning, the NADIS method is a unique method to study liquids at submicron scale and, more particularly, liquid meniscus with controlled dimensions. The capillary force curve experienced by the tip during the deposition and measured with AFM is a good way to assess calculation methods and finally to get more insight into the liquid transfer mechanism from the reservoir to the surface. ... 

A modulation transfer function (MTF) is also a Fourier optical technique, but light distribution from a sinusoidal mask pattern is measured. Due to this fundamental difference, MTFs can be easily calculated and will be lower then the CTF for the same system. 

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