Parents abstinence

Ciraulo DA, Sands BE, Shader RI Critical review of liability for benzodiazepine abuse among alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 145 1501-1506, 1988b Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Ciraulo AM, et al Parental alcoholism as a risk factor in benzodiazepine abuse a pilot smdy. Am J Psychiatry 146 1333-1335, 1989 Ciraulo DA, Antal EJ, Smith RB, et al The relationship of alprazolam dose to steady-state plasma concentrations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10 27—32, 1990 Ciraulo DA, Sarid-Segal O, Knapp C, et al Liability to alprazolam abuse in daughters of alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 153 956-958, 1996 Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Ciraulo AM, et al Alterations in pharmacodynamics of anxiolytics in abstinent alcoholic men subjective responses, abuse liability, and electroencephalographic effects of alprazolam, diazepam, and buspirone. J Clin Pharmacol 37 64-73, 1997... 

The institution of clear time frames that are understood by parents, enforced by agencies and have legal sanction would help to keep attention focused on the need for momentum. In every case the preferred option should be for parents to work towards abstinence from drugs, as this offers... 

Results of hair tests for abused drugs such as cocaine and opioids can provide useful information regarding drug use. Compared to urine analysis, hair testing provides an extended window of analyte (parent and metabolites) detection which cannot be affected by short periods of abstinence. In addition, collection of hair is considered by most a noninvasive technique, and retesting through a second sample is possible. Also, in contrast to urine, hair is not readily adulterated. 

This is the longest Key in the book because there are a number of significant problems, often overlooked by parents, that are associated with abstinence ... 

Because growing children learn both directly from their own experience and vicariously through the experience of others, parents can also inform their child s awareness by discussing some of their own youthful involvement with substances. Many fathers and mothers who have some early history with drugs or alcohol, however, are reluctant to share this information. They worry about undercutting the abstinence they are advocating by admitting their own past use. 

Simply because a child remains abstinent does not mean that he or she can always keep social company with friends and acquaintances who also abstain. Because it is a drug-filled world young people live in, parents need to talk with abstinent children about how to take care of themselves around other people s use. 

Parents need to remember, and need to remind their child, that in a drug-filled world, abstinence is not a complete safeguardfrom the destructive effects of substances. 

This finding suggests that even if parents are relatively drug-free or entirely abstinent, existence of chemical dependency among their siblings or parents, for example, can still place their child in a higher category of risk for problem involvement should substance use occur. This is not a matter of certainty (the child preordained to become addicted) but of probability (the statistical likelihood of addiction is increased). 

Some combination of rewards from abstinence (feeling he XQr), penalties from using (facing harmful consequences), and taking responsibility for further choice (owning one s decisions) are what gets a young person sober and into recovery. Thus, parents who blame, rescue, and make excuses for their child often undermine the very outcome they desire. 

Because the physiological and pharmacological properties of caffeine represent the cumulative effects of not only the parent compound but also its metabolites, it is quite possible that effects attributed to caffeine per se are in fact mediated by one or more of its metabolites. It must also be noted that most of the knowledge about caffeine s effects has been derived from acute administration to fasted subjects submitted to a period of caffeine abstinence in order to ensure low plasma caffeine concentrations. It is thus difficult to extrapolate the results to the usual pattern of caffeine consumption in which... 

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