Parenteral routes advantages/disadvantages

Each of the three significant parenteral routes we are concerned with here has a specific set of either advantages and disadvantages or specific considerations that must be kept in mind. 

Advantages of the intramuscular and subcutaneous routes include an increased reliability and precision in the drug blood level Anally achieved and reasonably rapid absorption and onset of drug action. There are, however, serious disadvantages as well. Pain, tenderness, local tissue necrosis (primarily with highly alkaline injections), microbial contamination, and nerve damage may be associated with these forms of parenteral administration. 

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the following routes of administration (a) parenteral, (b) oral and (c) pulmonary. 

Parenteral Administration Parenteral dosage forms include a wide variety of delivery routes, including injections, implants, and liposomes. The advantages of parenteral delivery systems is that they avoid first-pass effects, oral metabolism, and the harsh chemical environment of the stomach s gastric juices. The disadvantage is that the delivery mechanism is invasive. 

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