Paper physical test measurements

The object of this study in 1971 was to assess the potential permanence characteristics of selected commercially available copy papers. Physical tests included folding endurance at 500-g tension (10) and reflective brightness (9). Sixty replicate measurements of folding endurance and 10 replicate measurements of reflective brightness were made on each paper in the fresh state and after each withdrawal time from each oven. Only three oven temperatures (60°, 70°, and 80°C) were used in this rate study with humidities adjusted as in Table II for moisture control. Comparison tests were also made using the TAPPI method (16), and the values obtained at 96 hr in the 80°C oven were used as a single-temperature, single-withdrawal moist oven comparison. 

Table II. Standard and non-standard physical test measurements of various commercial grade printing papers (determined at 23°C and 50 relative humidity).

Physical—Chemical Property Examination. Initially, physical property tests were made on the control books only to establish the inherent variability of the paper in the books and the testing procedure. With this information the number of replicas required to determine statistically significant differences in each tested property was apparent. Physical property measurements were then scheduled for the paper in the dried books. To identify the variability from book to book more carefully, additional control books were sent to an accredited paper testing laboratory for measurement at the same time the dried books were being tested. A one-way analysis of variance (12) was applied to all physical property tests on the books. The analysis confirmed that there was a significant... 

The alternative to measuring the physical attributes of paper is to measure the chemical properties of the paper. As with physical tests, care has to be taken that the sample of paper is representative of the entire sample, for example, in an old book the edges of a book block are often more degraded than the centre because the edge has absorbed air pollutants and is often of higher acidity. The popular methods will now be briefly described, readers should see fuller descriptions before attempting any of these methods. 

The 3D numerical model consisting of the colluvium and the bedrock was established in this paper. Stability analyses for the colluvium were performed using the commercial software Flac . The 3D model with 5042 points and 22365 zones is shown in Figure 6. The physical and mechanical parameters of the deposit and underlying bedrock obtained from physical properties measurement and direct shear test are sununarized in Table 1. 

Tensile testing is an important part of the physical characterization of free film coatings. The fundamental properties measured relate directly to performance properties of the coating. Because of the time required to obtain and analyze tensile data, a laboratory which routinely performs tensile tests may find that an automated system is needed. Although commercial packages are available, it is feasible to develop an in-house system with relatively little expense. This paper describes one such system as implemented at Glidden Coatings and Resins with very satisfactory results. 

While producing samples more efficiently is one aspect which can lead to more efficient materials discovery efforts, efficient characterization is also needed. In his 1970 paper, [1] Hanak spoke to the issue of materials testing and evaluation. He discussed advances in the measurement of a number of chemical, physical and mechanical properties, measurements which must be tailored to the specific materials problem under investigation. Ultimately it was difficulties in characterization that limited the impact of these approaches. Computers were not yet commonly available, and automated sample evaluation methods remained to be developed. 

Paper and pencil tests were fine for measuring cognitive ability and required little physical coordination, other than the ability to read and to manipulate a pencil. We provided ordinary reading glasses to offset the loss of near vision resulting from BZ s anticholinergic effects on the muscles of visual accommodation. Later Dr. Dave Harper (one of our draftee doctors) developed an eye-drop sequence that obviated the need for glasses. 

Tlhis paper describes the physical and radiochemical characteristics of selected debris from the Kiwi Transient Nuclear Test (TNT) (6, 7). This transient test was conducted in Nevada by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), and produced approximately 3 X 1020 fissions (1). Zero time was 1059 PST on 12 January 1965. About 5% of the reactor core was vaporized, and some 68% was converted to a cloud of particulate. The measured maximum temperature was 4250°K. (7). Large pieces of fuel rods were recovered near ground zero. 

We will show that the probative advantages of hair testing depend critically on the methods used for analysis wash procedures, kinetic analysis of the wash data, the digestion of the hair for the complete release of anal)des, the measurement of metabolites, and adoption of appropriate cutoff levels. These analytical procedures will be described in the present paper along with certain unique chemical and physical properties of hair which contribute greatly to the reliability of the analytical result. The advantages of a recently published proprietary method will also be discussed. 

As will be seen in the second section, computer techniques are very useful in this optimization process. Rheological measurements are used to predict physical stability, and accelerated and longterm storage tests are used to confirm physical stability. There are four papers in this section which deal with these topics. The papers by Knowles et al. and Warrington et al. deal with novel... 

The effect of a reducing sodium borohydride treatment followed by a mildly alkaline wash on the physical properties and stability of paper was studied. Test papers were characterized by measuring their initial pH value, brightness, and folding endurance. Then they were subjected to borohydride treatment and washed with dilute calcium hydroxide solution or deionized water. The concentrations of sodium borohydride... 

While the arguments of the fluctuation relations are well deflned theoretically, in some complex physical and chemical systems it might not be easy to identify the speciflc relationship for that property or to directly measure the correct property. This has led to many papers where a relationship for the property that appears in the argument is proposed (say B), and then the fluctuation relation is tested. In some cases a linear relationship for the variation of In vi. a is obtained over a... 

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