Palythoa caribaeorum

Carballeira NM, Reyes M (1995) Identification of a New 6-Bromo-5,9-eicosadienoic Acid from the Anemone Condylactis gigantea and the Zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum. J Nat Prod 58 1689... 

Beress, L. et al., A method for the isolation of the Caribbean palytoxin (C-PTX) from the coelenterate (zooanthid) Palythoa caribaeorum, Toxicon 21, 285, 1983. 

Tesseraux, L, Harris, J.B., and Watkins, S.C., Physiological and morphological effects of palytoxin (Palythoa caribaeorum) on skeletal muscle, in Toxins as Tools in Neurochemistry, Hucho, E. and Ovchinnikov, Y.A., Eds., de Gruyter, Berlin, 91, 1983. 

Palytoxin [Palythoa caribaeorum] 2680.17 DMSO, methanol, ethanol, pyridine polyether toxin acting as ionophore for divalent cations induces depolarization of excited membranes, inhibits Na -K -ATPase... 

Draijer, F., P. Suvanto, I. Tesseraux, and L. Beress Mechanical Studies About the Action of Palytoxin Palythoa caribaeorum) on Innervated and Denervated Rat Diaphragms. Toxicon 20, 65 (1982). 

Carballeira, N.M. and Reyes, E.D. (1995) Identification of a new 6-bromo-5,9-eicosadienoic add from the anemone Condylactis g antea and the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum. J. Nat. Prod., 58,1689-1694. 

Palytoxin has been isolated to date in numerous areas of the world both from zoanthids belonging to the genus Palythoa and in other species. Moore and Scheuer [3] first reported the isolation of palytoxin from the Hawaiian zoanthid Palythoa toxica, while 1 year later, it was also isolated from Palythoa tuberculosa in tropical Pacific waters of Okinawa, Japan [8]. Since then, palytoxin and its congeners have been found in P. vestitus from Hawaii [9], P. mammilosa [10] and P. caribaeorum... 

The LD50 values for purified palytoxin from P. vestitus, P. tuberculosa, and P. caribaeorum in mice are remarkably consistent, with values between 0.45 and 0.72 pg/kg. Kaul et al. [9] reported an LD50 of between 0.05 and 0.1 pg/kg for palytoxin from P. mammillosa, but it is conceivable that this reflects a calculation error of a factor of 10, rather than indicating a much higher toxicity of the palytoxin from this particular species of Palythoa. 

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