Palladium glucose oxidation

As with platinum, the palladium-catalyzed oxidation of anomeric hydroxyl groups in aldoses is a rather selective process.84 The influence of pH in the Pd-catalyzed oxidation of glucose has been studied. It was observed that the gluconic acid formed, in its free form, reversibly inhibits the oxidation process in acidic media.85 The oxidation of D-glucose has been performed with palladium-on-alumina and with bismuth-containing palladium-on-charcoal in water.85 The selectivity in the air oxidation of... 

Nikov I, Paev K. Palladium on alumina catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction kinetics and catalyst deactivation. Catal. Today 1995f24 41-47. 

Wenkin, M., Touillaux, R., Ruiz, P., Delmon, B., and Devillers, M. (1996) Influence of metallic precursors on the properties of carbon-supported bismuth-promoted palladium catalysts for the selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Appl. Catal., A, 148, 181-199. 

Besson M, Gallezot P, Lahmer E, Eleche G, Euertes P (1993) Oxidation of glucose on palladium catalysts particle size and support effects. In Kosak JR, Johnson TA (eds) Catalysis of organic reactions. Marcel Dekker, New York... 

The kinetics of the potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)-catalysed oxidation of glucose with ammonium peroxodisulfate have been studied.82 The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of some cycloalkanols by alkaline Fe(CN) have been reported.83 The same group has also studied the oxidation of cycloalkanones under comparable conditions and determined the order of reactivity as cyclohexanone > cyclopentanone > cyclo-octanone > cycloheptanone.84 Palladium(II) has been found to catalyse the oxidation of formaldehyde, thiourea, and thioacetamide by alkaline Fe(CN)g, whereas no effect is observed in the oxidation of acetaldehyde.85 The orders of reaction have been determined and a mechanism was proposed. 

M. Besson, F. Lahmer, P. Gallezot, P. Fuertes, and G. Fleche, Catalytic oxidation of glucose on bismuth-promoted palladium catalyst, J. Catal., 152 (1995) 116-121. 

CCEs have also been used in conjunction with enzymes. Glucose oxidase was encapsulated within the methyl silicate (or silica)-graphite composite [216, 220]. Reduced oxygen from the enzymatic reaction results in the production of H2O2, which is oxidized at the electrode. Palladium and rhodium catalysts have been added to the electrode to help lower the over voltage required for hydrogen peroxide oxidation [219, 221]. Glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase have been simultaneously entrapped within a CCE for a biosensor that does not require a... 

Hydrogen peroxide is produced industrially by (1) the base/anthraquinone-catalyzed chemical reduction of O2 by water and (2) the palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation of O2. In aerobic biology many oxidases (dehydrogenases) produce HOOH as a biproduct along with oxidized substrate (e.g., glucose oxidase, O2 +... 

Glucose can be oxidized to gluconic acid by oxygen (4.38) in the presence of palladium on alumina, a palladium-bismuth catalyst, or a platinum-bismuth catalyst in 99-100% yield.186... 

Fish kills have also resulted from wastewater. Various replacements for phosphate are used in those places that have banned phosphate. The use of zeolites is common. Gluconic acid, prepared by the palladium-catalyzed air oxidation of glucose, can be used.270 Poly(acrylic acid) can be used, but is not biodegradable.271 Poly(aspartic acid) (8.48) made from maleic anhydride and ammonia solves this problem.272... 

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