Palladium complexes ester

Palladium complexes also catalyze the carbonylation of halides. Aryl (see 13-13), vinylic, benzylic, and allylic halides (especially iodides) can be converted to carboxylic esters with CO, an alcohol or alkoxide, and a palladium complex. Similar reactivity was reported with vinyl triflates. Use of an amine instead of the alcohol or alkoxide leads to an amide. Reaction with an amine, AJBN, CO, and a tetraalkyltin catalyst also leads to an amide. Similar reaction with an alcohol, under Xe irradiation, leads to the ester. Benzylic and allylic halides were converted to carboxylic acids electrocatalytically, with CO and a cobalt imine complex. Vinylic halides were similarly converted with CO and nickel cyanide, under phase-transfer conditions. ... 

Nucleophilic Substitution of xi-Allyl Palladium Complexes. TT-Allyl palladium species are subject to a number of useful reactions that result in allylation of nucleophiles.114 The reaction can be applied to carbon-carbon bond formation using relatively stable carbanions, such as those derived from malonate esters and (3-sulfonyl esters.115 The TT-allyl complexes are usually generated in situ by reaction of an allylic acetate with a catalytic amount of fefrafcz s-(triphenylphosphine)palladium... 

Some synthetically useful isomerization reactions of alkenes, other than nitrogen- or oxygen-substituted allylic compounds, were reported by the use of a catalytic amount of transition metal complexes. The palladium complex, /ra r-Pd(C6HsCN)2Gl2, effectively catalyzed the stereoselective isomerization of /3,7-unsaturated esters to a,/3-unsaturated esters (Equation (26)). 

The a-arylation of carbonyl compounds (sometimes in enantioselective version) such as ketones,107-115 amides,114 115 lactones,116 azlactones,117 malonates,118 piperidinones,119,120 cyanoesters,121,122 nitriles,125,124 sul-fones, trimethylsilyl enolates, nitroalkanes, esters, amino acids, or acids has been reported using palladium catalysis. The asymmetric vinylation of ketone enolates has been developed with palladium complexes bearing electron-rich chiral monodentate ligands.155... 

Ligand directed palladation of 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-l-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole (165) leads to the isolable palladium complex 166. Exposure of 166 to CO yields pyrrole ester 167 in good... 

Under appropriate conditions, alcohols and amines can undergo an oxidative double carbonylation process, with formation of oxalate esters (Eq. 34), oxamate esters (Eq. 35) or oxamides (Eq. 36). These reactions are usually catalyzed by Pd(II) species and take place trough the intermediate formation of bis(alkoxycarbonyl)palladium, (alkoxycarbonyl)(carbamoyl)palladium or bis(carbamoyl)palladium complexes, as shown in Scheme 29 (NuH, Nu H = alcohol or amine) [227,231,267,293-300]. 

The last possibility for ester formation (20, Figure 12.15) comprises the reductive elimination of esters from acyl-alkoxy-palladium complexes 17, formed by deprotonation of the alcohol adducts 16. Clearly, it requires cis coordination of the alkoxide and acyl fragment. Since monodentates have a preference for ester formation, it was thought that this mechanism was very unlikely. 

It is important to note that in methanol as the solvent the reaction is much slower and also the molecular weight is much lower. Apparently a major part of the palladium complex occurs in an inactive state and the termination reaction is relatively accelerated by methanol. This suggests that ester formation is the dominant chain transfer mechanism in methanol, although P-hydride elimination will still occur. 

The styrene/CO polymers formed with palladium complexes of diimine ligands indeed contain ester and alkene end groups [65,66,67], Slightly more ester end groups than alkene groups are formed, showing that in addition to P-hydride elimination some termination via methanolysis of acylpalladium chain ends occurs. 

Hydrolysis of the ester forms adipic acid, used to manufacture nylon—6. Carbonylations of nitroaromatics are used to synthesize an array of products including amines, carbamates, isocyanates, ureas and azo compounds. These reactions are catalyzed by iron, ruthenium, rhodium and palladium complexes. For example, carhonylation of nitrobenzene in the presence of methanol produces a carbamate ... 

Legros and Fiaud also developed enantioselective benzyiic alkylation of 1-naphthylethyl esters with dimethyl sodiomalonate and dimethyl sodiomethylmalonate in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium complex and a chiral diphosphine such as BINAP 113, Chiraphos 114, or DIOP 115 (Equation (45)). Use of BDPP 116 as a chiral... 

Low-valent palladium complex, for example, Pd(0), is readily prepared in situ by reaction of PdCl2(PPh3)2/Zn. This is shown to induce the similar homocoupling polycondensation of metaphenylene 183 at 95 °C in DMF. Fluorinated alkyl esters 180 polymerize smoothly in supercritical CO2 1,4-dichlorophenylene 184 having a keto group also reductively polymerized similarly. 

No reaction of soft carbon nucleophiles takes place with propargylic acet-ates[37], but soft carbon nucleophiles, such as /7-keto esters and malonates, react with propargylic carbonates under neutral conditions using dppe as a ligand. The carbon nucleophile attacks the central carbon of the ir-alleny[palladium complex 81 to form the 7r-allylpalladium complex 82, which reacts further with the carbon nucleophile to give the alkene 83. Thus two molecules of the a-monosubstituted /7-keto ester 84, which has one active proton, are... 

C2H,N, Pyridine, 3,5-dimethyl-palladium complex, 26 210 CbHsNO, Benzoyl isocyanide chromium com-C HbO, Ethanone, 1-phenyl-manganese complex, 26 156-158 CBH, 02, Methyl benzoate chromium complex, 26 32 C H i, o-Xylylene magnesium complex, 26 147 ChH P, Phosphine, dimethylphenyl-iron complex, 26 61 ruthenium complex, 26 273 ChH12, 1,5-Cyclooctadiene iridium complex, 26 122 ruthenium complexes, 26 69-72, 253-256 ChH OjPS, 2-Butenedioic acid, 2-(dimethylphosphinothioyl)-dimethyl ester, manganese complex, 26 163... 

C,Hj, Acetic acid palladium complex, 26 208 tungsten complex, 26 224 02CiH(, 2-Propenoic acid, methyl ester platinum ester, 26 138 02C4Hu, Ethane, 1,2-dimethoxy-solvates of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten carbonyl cyclopentadienyl complexes, 26 343 tungsten complex, 26 50 ytterbium complex, 26 22 02C4Hi, -NaCsHs, Ethane, 1,2-dimethoxy-compd with cyclopentadienylsodium(l l), 26 341... 

Highly selective transformation of terminal acetylenes to either linear or branched carboxylic acids or esters may be achieved by appropriately selected catalyst systems. Branched esters are formed with high selectivity when the acetylenes are reacted with 1-butanol by the catalyst system Pd(dba)2/PPh3/TsOH (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) or palladium complexes containing PPh3. Pd(acac)2 in combination with various N- and O-containing phosphines and methanesulfonic acid is also an efficient catalyst for the alkoxycarbonylation of 1-alkynes to yield the branched product with almost complete selectivity.307,308... 

Catalytic systems to afford linear esters selectively are scant.306,309 A report in 1995 disclosed that palladium complexes based on l,l -bis(diphenylphosphine)fer-rocene showed excellent regioselectivity for the formation of linear a,p-unsaturated esters.309 The results with phenylacetylene are remarkable because this compound is known to exhibit a distinct preference for the formation of the branched products on palladium-catalyzed carboxylations. Mechanistic studies indicate that the alkoxycarbonylation of alkynes proceeds via the protonation of a Pd(0)-alkyne species to give a Pd-vinyl complex, followed by CO insertion and alcoholysis.310... 

Allyl esters, carbonates, and carbamates readily undergo C-O bond cleavage upon reaction with palladium(O) to yield allyl palladium(II) complexes. These complexes are electrophilic and can react with nucleophiles to form products of allylic nucleophilic substitution. Linkers based on this reaction have been designed, which are cleavable by treatment with catalytic amounts of palladium complexes [165,166], For the immobilization of carboxylic acids, support-bound allyl alcohols have proven suitable (Figure 3.12, Table 3.7). 

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