Pachysandra

Leucothoe walteri and cultivars Mahonia aguifolium, M. repens Pachysandra terminalis ... 

The conversions shown in Scheme 18 interrelate a number of alkaloids and in conjunction with optical circular dichroism evidence establish the structure of spiropachysine (359), a major alkaloid in the leaves of Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. (Buxaceae), unique in possessing a five-membered spirolactam system.189 Spiropachysine (359) was reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to the deoxo-compound (360), whose dimethiodide on Hofmann degradation yielded two materials, the more strongly basic being a mixture of two olefins (361) which both afforded on hydrogenation the compound (362). The last compound was also prepared from... 

Pachysandiol B (109) and pachysonol (110), two new friedelin derivatives, have been isolated from Pachysandra terminalis Rearrangement of the corresponding 3-en-16-one followed by WolfT-Kishner reduction yielded 18) H-olean-12-ene. Roxburghonic acid (111) from the leaves of Putranjiva roxhurghii is a C-25 carboxylic acid. " The full paper on pachysandiol A has appeared. ... 

Rose-of-Sharon, Hibiscus Salvia, Salvia Sapphire flower, Browallia Sedum, Sedum Shrub verbena, Lantana Silk tree, Albizia Snakeroot, Cimicifuga Snapdragon, Antirrhinum Speedwell, Veronica Spindle tree, Euonymus Spirea. Spiraea Spruce, Picea Spurge, Euphorbia, Pachysandra Stonecrop, Sedum Strawflower, Helichrysum Sunflower, Helianthus... 

Spur blight, raspberry and, 198 Spurge. See Euphorbia Pachysandra cushion (see Euphorbia epithymoides)... 

A histochemical investigation also established the presence of alkaloids in Pachysandra, Sarcococca, and Simmondsia (190). The alkaloids found in Sarcococca and Pachysandra are simple pregnane derivatives lacking the alkyl substitution at C-4 and C-14. The alkaloids isolated from Sarcococca pruniformis Lindley show close similarity in structure to alkaloids typical of pregnane-type alkaloids of Apocynaceae some of them were found in both families. 

Though the same is true of Pachysandra alkaloids, many of them are distinguished by the presence of a hydroxyl group in position 4 and/or by the amidic character of one of the nitrogen functions, particularly in position 3. 

The Pachysandra alkaloids have been intensively studied in Japan by Kikuchi and Uyeo. 

Key to letters a. Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. b. Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. See Table I. 

No investigation dealing with the biogenesis of Pachysandra or Sar-cococca alkaloids has been reported. However, their close similarity to Holarrhena alkaloids permits the assumption of analogous biosynthetic pathways. It may be noted that important questions concerning the biogenesis of steroidal Apocynaceae and Buxaceae bases remain still open. 

The full paper concerning the structural study of spiropachysine, a major alkaloid of the leaves of Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. and Zucc. (124), has been published. ... 

It should be added that epipachysamine-A, alkaloid of Pachysandra termin-is identical with synthetic 3/5-dimethylamino-20a-methylacetamido-5a-pregnane. 

The origin of the steroidal alkaloids of the Apocynaceae and some of the Buxaceae (Sarcococca and Pachysandra) appears to be linked with the biogenesis in these plants of steroidal derivatives of pregnanes, pregnenolone in particular. The Buxus alkaloids appear to be derived from 4,4,14a-trimethyl-9j3,19-cyclo-5a-pregnanes. 

Pachysandra termimlis (Buxaceae) is a perennial plant that grows in the shade in various locations in Japan and other temperate zones. This plant contains about 0.7% alkaloids in the dried above-ground parts the main alkaloids are pachysandrine A and pachystermine A [2]. These compounds possess the pregnane skeleton, which has a C2 imit remaining at the C-17 position, with two nitrogen atoms incorporated at the C2 side-chain and at C-3. 

---