Ozonolysis of enol ether

Three methods were used for making tri- or tetra-substituted 1,2,4-trioxolanes in the investigations of the reaction between these secondary ozonides and Lewis acids co-ozonolysis of oximes and ketones (method A), co-ozonolysis of enol ethers and ketones (method B), and ozonolysis of alkenes (method C, Scheme 10 and Table 5) <2000J(P1)3006>. 

The carbonyl oxides prepared from the ozonolysis of enol ethers (for example, l-metoxy-4,8-dimethylnone-l,7 diene) undergo stereoselective intramolecular cycloaddition with inactivated alkenes yielding bicyclic di-oxalanes. The latter are easily converted into P-hydroxycarbonyl species and 1,3 diols by catalytic hydrogenation thus providing a new approach to the synthesis of 1,3-oxygenated products [80]. 

In an extension of this reaction, various carbonyl oxides could be generated by the ozonolysis at — 70 °C of enol ethers 106 in diethyl ether in the presence of acyl cyanides (Scheme 33 and Table 13) <1996J(P1)871>. 

Nitrosolysis of camphor ethyl acetal with ethanolic ethyl nitrite in sulphur dioxide yields the orthoester oxime (205) which is rapidly dehydrated by excess acetal to the orthoester nitrile which then reacts with sulphur dioxide to form the ester nitrile and diethyl sulphite.Further papers in this section include the full paper on ozonolysis of silyl ethers (Vol. 5, p. 33), another synthesis of camphor-enol trimethylsilyl ether (cf. Vol. 6, p. 41)/°° the conversion of camphor oxime with Grignard reagents into the corresponding imine with no aziridine formation/° the preparation of (206) by treating bornylene with trichloroacetyl isocyanate/ the oxidation of thiocam-phor to the 5-oxide and alkylation in the presence of thallium(i) ethoxide to a/S-unsaturated sulphoxides/ and the free-radical C-3 alkylation of camphor with alkenes. " ... 

Another interesting way to construct 8-lactones is the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation [72] of cyclopentanones. For example, Hacini and Santelli have reported an efficient synthesis of the Prelog-Djerassi lactone methyl ester using Baeyer-Villiger oxidation [73] (Scheme 30). Hydrolysis of enol ether 162 derived from —)-trans-pulegenic acid furnished an inseparable diastereomeric mixture of the corresponding dimethylacetals. Ozonolysis of the olefin and subsequent... 

The most recent, and probably most elegant, process for the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-estrone appHes a tandem Claisen rearrangement and intramolecular ene-reaction (Eig. 23). StereochemicaHy pure (185) is synthesized from (2R)-l,2-0-isopropyhdene-3-butanone in an overall yield of 86% in four chemical steps. Heating a toluene solution of (185), enol ether (187), and 2,6-dimethylphenol to 180°C in a sealed tube for 60 h produces (190) in 76% yield after purification. Ozonolysis of (190) followed by base-catalyzed epimerization of the C8a-hydrogen to a C8P-hydrogen (again similar to conversion of (175) to (176)) produces (184) in 46% yield from (190). Aldehyde (184) was converted to 9,11-dehydroestrone methyl ether (177) as discussed above. The overall yield of 9,11-dehydroestrone methyl ether (177) was 17% in five steps from 6-methoxy-l-tetralone (186) and (185) (201). 

The 2,2 -bis(phenylthiomethyl) dispiroketal (dispoke) derivative is cleaved by oxidation to the sulfone, followed by treatment with LiN(TMS)2. The related bromo and iodo derivatives are cleaved reductively with LDBB (lithium 4,4 -di- -butylbiphenylide) or by elimination with the P4- -butylphosphazene base and acid hydrolysis of the enol ether. The 2,2-diphenyl dispiroketal is cleaved with FeCl3 (CH2CI2, rt, overnight)." The dimethyl dispiroketal is cleaved with TFA, and the allyl derivative is cleaved by ozonolysis followed by elimination. ... 

An alternative approach to the synthesis of isocoumarins which probably proceeds through the intermediacy of 2-carboxybenzyl ketones is based on the oxidative cleavage of indan-1-ones (76JCS(P1)1438). Although ozonolysis of the silyl enol ether (505) leads to the 2-hydroxy-2-methylindan-l-one (506), periodate oxidation of which gives the isocoumarin, a more convenient and direct route involves ozonolysis of the enol trifluoroacetate (Scheme 182). This synthesis is especially attractive for the preparation of isotopically labelled isocoumarins, since the precursors of the indanones, arylpropanoic acids or acrylophenones, are readily available bearing labels at specific sites. 

The most common procedure is ozonolysis at -78 °C (P.S. Bailey, 1978) in methanol or methylene chloride in the presence of dimethyl sulfide or pyridine, which reduce the intermediate ozonides to aldehydes. Unsubstituted cydohexene derivatives give 1,6-dialdehydes, enol ethers or esters yield carboxylic acid derivatives. Oxygen-substituted C—C bonds in cyclohexene derivatives, which may also be obtained by Birch reduction of alkoxyarenes (see p. 103f.), are often more rapidly oxidized than non-substituted bonds (E.J. Corey, 1968 D G. Stork, 1968 A,B). Catechol derivatives may also be directly cleaved to afford conjugated hexa-dienedioic acid derivatives (R.B. Woodward, 1963). Highly regioselective cleavage of the more electron-rich double bond is achieved in the ozonization of dienes (W. KnOll, 1975). 

Unsaturated 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds. The phenylthioalkylation of silyl enol ethers of carbonyl compounds (9, 521-522) can be extended to the synthesis of unsaturated 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds. In a typical reaction the enol silyl ether of a ketone is alkylated with the unsaturated chloride 1 under ZnBr2 catalysis to give a homoallyl sulfide. Ozonolysis of the methylene group is accompanied by oxidation of the phenylthio group sulfoxide elimination results in an unsaturated 1,5-aldehydo ketone (equation I). Alkylation with 2 results in a methyl ketone (equation II). 

S. Hillers, A. Niklaus, and O. Reiser, Ozonolysis of cyclic enol ethers an efficient strategy to aldol and homoaldol compounds, J. Org. Chem., 58 (1993) 3169-3171. 

Enol ethers of 1,2- and 1,3-diketones afford on ozonolysis products that are not in full agreement with the Criegee mechanism, because in some cases products of the Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement are formed. The main product in the ozonolysis of the enol ether 180 is a mixture of spiranic stereoisomers 181 involving a lactone and a 1,2,4-trioxolane ring (Scheme 62) <2004HCA2025>. 

Alkyl-4-ketoglutaric acids 265, potential substrates of transaminases that are important for the nervous system, can be synthesized (from an enol ether 263 that was not isolated) by a Claisen-Johnson rearrangement affording a 2-ethylidene-4-methylglutarate 264 whose ozonolysis in CH2Cl2 at — 78 °G followed by reduction with dimethyl sulfide provided the final product (Scheme 81) <1999TL6577>. 

Heathcock has reported an anomalous case of ozonolysis of a silyl enol ether. Usually these substrates undergo facile oxidative cleavage in the same manner as alkoies. However, in this instance the a-silyloxy ketone (61) was obtained in quantitative yield. The inteimediacy of a silyloxy epoxide was suggested. A more recent leport has indicated that a similar process is competitive with the simple cleavage reaction, (63a) versus (63b), in the ozonolysis of the steroidal enol ether (62). 

The example depicted below indicates preferential cleavage of the electron-rich enol ether double bond over the trisubstituted one by the electrophilic ozone. Thus, Birch reduction of methoxy-substituted benzenes followed by ozonolysis of the resultant enol ethers provides a powerful route to functionally substituted (Z)... 

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