Ozonides alkyls

Ozonation ofAlkenes. The most common ozone reaction involves the cleavage of olefinic carbon—carbon double bonds. Electrophilic attack by ozone on carbon—carbon double bonds is concerted and stereospecific (54). The modified three-step Criegee mechanism involves a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of ozone to an olefinic double bond via a transitory TT-complex (3) to form an initial unstable ozonide, a 1,2,3-trioxolane or molozonide (4), where R is hydrogen or alkyl. The molozonide rearranges via a 1,3-cycloreversion to a carbonyl fragment (5) and a peroxidic dipolar ion or zwitterion (6). 

Organic peroxides can be classified according to peroxide stmcture. There are seven principal classes hydroperoxides dialkyl peroxides a-oxygen substitued alkyl hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides primary and secondary ozonides peroxyacids diacyl peroxides (acyl and organosulfonyl peroxides) and alkyl peroxyesters (peroxycarboxylates, peroxysulfonates, and peroxyphosphates). 

Most ozonolysis reaction products are postulated to form by the reaction of the 1,3-zwitterion with the extmded carbonyl compound in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction to produce stable 1,2,4-trioxanes (ozonides) (17) as shown with itself (dimerization) to form cycHc diperoxides (4) or with protic solvents, such as alcohols, carboxyUc acids, etc, to form a-substituted alkyl hydroperoxides. The latter can form other peroxidic products, depending on reactants, reaction conditions, and solvent. 

The ozonides of indenes substituted with bulky alkyl groups in the aUylic position (e.g. 261) nndergo acid-catalyzed dimerization to a 10-membered endoperoxide (262), as shown in eqnation 90. Similarly to equation 89, the process involves hydroperoxide... 

Tetracyanoethylene complexes, disilanes, 816 Tetracyclone, bleaching, 734-5 Tetraethylammonium ozonide, 736 Tetragermabuta-1,3-diene, 825, 826 Tetrahedral distortion acychc organic peroxides, 103 alkyl hydroperoxides, 110 anion ligands, 119... 

Evidence for ozonides to be primary products in furan and alkyl-substituted furan oxygenation reactions has been obtained. Thus, furan (388) is converted to a highly explosive substance at low temperatures,... 

O-Alkyl oximes are excellent precursors of COs as they react more slowly with ozone than alkenes. Initially <1995LA1571>, as added carbonyl species, acyl cyanides and esters of trifluoroacetic acid were used and the ozonides could be isolated usually in 25-60% yields. In an extension of this reaction, trapping could be performed by a variety of carbonyl compounds. 

The chemistry of primary ozonides is more varied if they are less highly alkylated than the primary ozonide of Figure 15.47. This is particularly true if the primary ozonide is unsym-metrical, like the one shown in Figure 15.48. This is because its decay may involve two different 1,3-dipolar cycloreversions. Both of them result in one carbonyl oxide and one carbonyl compound. If the reaction is carried out in methanol, the two carbonyl oxides can react with the solvent (as in Figure 15.47) whereby each of them affords a hydroperoxide (an ether peroxide analog). 

The transformation of tetrasubstituted ethylenes into 1,2,4-trioxolanes may also be achieved if the ozonolysis is carried out in the presence of a foreign carbonyl compound as described in Section 4.33.3.4. With formaldehyde as added carbonyl compound, 3,3-disubstituted derivatives are obtained, whereas in the presence of excess ketone (e.g. by using the latter as solvent), the ozonolysis gives rise to tetrasubstituted 1,2,4-trioxolanes which are difficult to prepare by other methods. Reactions (163) -> (164) and (165) -> (166) provide two examples of this versatile 1,2,4-trioxolane synthesis. Unlike the parent system (2), alkyl- and/or aryl-substituted 1,2,4-trioxolanes generally are stable, non-explosive compounds. Mixtures of crossed ozonides (cf. Section 4.33.3.1.1) or of cis and trans isomers can be separated by thin layer, column or gas chromatography. The cis isomers of symmetrical 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-trioxolanes are meso forms, whereas the corresponding trans isomers represent racemates which in some cases have been resolved into their optical... 

---