Dissolved solids oxygen

Condenser leaks permit dissolved solids, oxygen, organics, and suspended solids to enter the CR system and from there to enter the FW system. This is a very serious problem and leads to feed system fouling and deposition and the depassivation of metal surfaces, which in turn induces pitting corrosion to occur. 

Condensate normally contains no hardness and is very low in dissolved solids. Unless it has been excessively exposed to the atmosphere, condensate is also very low in dissolved oxygen. Therefore it represents the ideal feedwater, and the higher the proportion of recovered condensate in the feed, the easier it will be to maintain the boiler water within the desired limits. The percentage condensate return is thus basic to all considerations of water management for the boiler circuit. 

The removal of each milligram of oxygen requires about 8 mg of sodium sulfite, so that the dose should be adjusted to suit the amount of oxygen introduced, which corresponds roughly to 80mg/l of cold make-up. A high level of condensate return therefore reduces the scavenger demand, and this is not only an economy in itself but can also mean a considerable reduction in the amount of total dissolved solids introduced into the boiler with the feedwater. 

Hydrazine has the advantage that its use does not increase the dissolved solids content of the boiler water. The products both of its reaction with dissolved oxygen and of its decomposition are gaseous or liquid ... 

Deaerators not only effectively remove dissolved oxygen and other noncondensable gases but also provide the benefit of FW heating. Also, deaerators do not add dissolved solids to the FW, as happens with sulfite-based oxygen scavengers. 

BOD5, 5d-biochemical oxygen demand GAC, granular activated carbon IDS, total dissolved solids NTU, normal turbidity units. 

Total cost assessment (TCA), 12 814 Total developed pump head, 21 57—58 Total dissolved solids (TDS), 21 646, 647 reverse osmosis removal of, 25 890 in wastewater, 25 887 Total fiber scutching, 11 612-613 Total hydrocarbon content (THC), of oxygen, 17 759-760... 

BOD, biochemical oxygen demand COD, chemical oxygen demand TS, total solids TDS, total dissolved solids TVSS, total volatile suspended solids TKN, total Kjeldhal nitrogen BDL, below detectable limit. 

Distilled water will dissolve about 20 to 25% more oxygen than water containing dissolved solids for any given temperature and pressure. 

It is necessary to estimate the quantity of each gas in the liquid to accurately determine the productivities and usage rates. The species equilibrium concentration, x, in the liquid is estimated by Henry s Law (Eq. 3). Unfortunately, H, the Henry s Law constant, for a gas in contact with a solution depends on the nature and concentrations of dissolved solids, tending to be less than the value for pure water [71]. For this reason, we can only obtain an upper limit for the dissolved gas quantity. However, the solubility depression for our rather dilute culture medium is low. A 0.5 mole/1 concentration of sodium chloride results in an oxygen solubility depression of 15 % [71]. The total concentration of dissolved solids in our medium was less than half of that (0.22 mole/1), so the gas solubility depression was almost certainly less than 10%. A more serious uncertainty occurs because the culture volume includes cell volume by treating the entire 83 ml as liquid volume (V ), we may tend to overestimate the dissolved gas quantity. 

Fluorite solid solutions containing U02 all show the same property of dissolving interstitial oxygen, with a regular change in lattice constant dependent on... 

Note BOD = biological oxygen demand COD = chemical oxygen demand TSS = total suspended solids TDS = total dissolved solids. 

Because of the long radiative lifetime of the lowest triplet state, most phosphorescence in fluid solutions is obviated by collisional quenching, especially by dissolved molecular oxygen. Phosphorescence, when it occurs, is usually observed at low temperatures (e.g., that of liquid nitrogen) in rigid matrices where it may demonstrate high quantum yields. In the past three decades, much interest has been focused on phosphorescence at room temperature (RTP), which sometimes can be observed in samples adsorbed on solid substrates such as filter paper. Unfortunately, the quantum yields observed in room temperature phosphorescence are low, leading to poor analytical sensitivity, and the method has not enjoyed wide popularity. Phosphorescent measurements at low temperatures... 

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