Oximetry

In massive PE, the patient may appear cyanotic and may become hypotensive. In such cases, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas will likely indicate that the patient is hypoxic. 

Hypoxia and respiratory or metabolic acidosis are common in patients with SE. Therefore, pulse oximetry and ABG measurements are useful to assess the patient s respiratory... 

Hyde, J. S. andW. K. Subczynski. 1989. Spin-label oximetry. In Biological Magnetic Resonance. SpinLabeling Theory and Applications. eds. L. J. Berliner and J. Reuben, Vol. 8, pp. 399 125. New York Plenum. 

Subczynski, W. K., C. C. Felix, C. S. Klug, and J. S. Hyde. 2005. Concentration by centrifugation for gas exchange EPR oximetry measurements with loop-gap resonators. J. Magn. Reson. 176 244—248. 

Subczynski, W. K. and H. M. Swartz. 2005. EPR oximetry in biological and model samples. In Biological Magnetic Resonance, Biomedical EPR Part A Free Radicals, Metals, Medicine, and Physiology, eds. S. S. Eaton, G. R. Eaton, and L. J. Berliner, Vol. 23, pp. 229-282. New York Kluwer/Plenum. 

Kapany N.S., Silbertrust N., Fiber optics spectrophotometer for in-vivo oximetry, Nature 1964 208 138. 

Mendelson Y., Ochs B.D., Noninvasive pulse oximetry utilizing skin reflectance photoplethysmography, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1988 BME-35 798. 

Dildy G., Clark S., Loucks C., Intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry Past, present, and future, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996 175 1. 

Oda M., Yamashita Y., Nishimura G., Tamura M., A simple and novel algorithm for time-resolved multiwavelength oximetry, Phys. Med. Biol. 1996 41 551. 

Cardiopulmonary support must be instituted and adjusted rapidly. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, continuous pulse oximetry, urine flow monitoring, and automated blood pressure recording are necessary. Peripheral or femoral arterial catheters may be used for continuous assessment of arterial pressure. 

Leukocytosis with a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells Low oxygen saturation on arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry... 

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) and FEVj are less than 50% of normal predicted values. Pulse oximetry reveals decreased arterial oxygen and 02 saturations. The best predictor of outcome is early response to treatment as measured by improvement in FEVj at 30 minutes after inhaled /12-agonists. 

Oxygen saturations can be easily monitored continuously with pulse oximetry. For young children and adults, pulse oximetry, lung auscultation, and observation for supraclavicular retractions is useful. 

Fig. 4.6 Oxygen consumption rates for BF4 or BF6 (35 pM) in presence of 1 mM NADH or 2mM histidine with or without 5 mM sodium azide in 1 3H20/DMS0 determined by ESR oximetry...

Miyake M, Grinberg OY, Hou H, et al. The effect of RSRl3, a synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin, on brain tissue p02 (measured by EPR oximetry) following severe hemorrhagic shock in rats. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003 530 319. 

Kumar A, Chawla R, Ahuja S, et al. 1990. Nitrobenzene poisoning and spurious pulse oximetry. Anaesthesia 45 949-951. 

Table 4. F NMR characteristics and applications of PFCs for tissue oximetry... 

Y. Song, A. Constantinescu, R.P. Mason, Dynamic breast tumor oximetry The development of prognostic radiology, Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 1 (2002) 471-478. 

The ECT unit should be staffed by experienced professionals trained in the use of the procedure and in the care of an unconscious patient, including measures for intravenous access, monitoring of blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and EKG (Gaines and Rees, 1992). The ECT team usually includes a psychiatrist, an anesthesiologist, and a nurse. 

First, the airway should be cleared of vomitus or any other obstruction and an oral airway or endotracheal tube inserted if needed. For many patients, simple positioning in the lateral decubitus position is sufficient to move the flaccid tongue out of the airway. Breathing should be assessed by observation and oximetry and, if in doubt, by measuring arterial blood gases. Patients with respiratory insufficiency should be intubated and mechanically ventilated. The circulation should be assessed by continuous monitoring of pulse rate, blood pressure, urinary output, and evaluation of peripheral perfusion. 

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