Oxidizing agent steam

Gasification (Partial Oxidation), in which the feedstock is converted to syngas in the presence of oxygen and a moderating agent (steam) in a refractory-lined gasification reactor... 

In Preparation 3-8, use is made of a reagent containing 94 % lead tetraacetate and 6 % acetic acid. If the dry, powdered oxidizing agent is used, the reaction solution must be cooled to —40°C or lower before its addition if comparable results are to be obtained. Yields are definitely reduced if the reaction time is prolonged much beyond 10 sec, and if the steam distillation is not completed within a very short time. For this reason this preparation is probably suitable only if small quantities of product are desired. Yields vary from modest to good for the preparation of nitrosobenzene, p-nitrosotoluene, and p-nitroso-chlorobenzene. An attempt to prepare nitrosocyclohexane by this method did not lead to identifiable products. 

The mixture of steam and caprolactam leaving the kettle is fed to an evaporation column, where the mixture is condensed and concentrated under atmospheric pressure. The concentrate is purified by adding an oxidizing agent that converts impurities to readily removable compounds. The caprolactam is purified through distillation264. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidi2er SAFETY PROFILE A powerful oxidizer and irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. A very dangerous fire hazard because it is an extremely powerful oxidizing agent. Will react with water or steam to produce heat on contact with reducing materials, can react vigorously. See also LITHIUM COMPOUNDS, PEROXIDES, and PEROXIDES, INORGANIC. 

A solution of 2,4 -diamino-4-cyanodiphenylamine (1 g, 4.5 mmol) in 0.1 M HCl was heated on a steam bath. FeClj (6 inL, 60% aq soln) was added dropwise with shaking the solution became a deep purple color and a dark solid was precipitated. Heating was continued for 15 min after completion of addition of the oxidizing agent and the mixture was then chilled in ice. The very dark hydrochloride was fdtered off (1.13 g, 99%), and the free base liberated by treatment of an aqueous suspension of the hydrochloride with NH, and recrystallized from toluene to give lustrous, red, plates yield 0.9 g (92%) mp 272-274°C. 

Nitrobenzene acts as an oxidizing agent, and is reduced to aniline. After the reaction is completed the mixture is steam-distilled. The distillate contains water, aniline, and quinoline, with smaller amounts of impurities. 

In the Meyers process, aqueous ferric sulfate or -chloride (mild but eflFective oxidizing agents) selectively oxidizes (without affecting the coal matrix) the pyritic sulfur content (J) of coal to form free sulfur and sulfate. Iron sulfate dissolves in the aqueous solution. The free sulfur may then be removed from the coal matrix by steam or vacuum vaporization or solvent extraction and the oxidizing agent may be regenerated and recycled. See Reactions below ... 

Oxidation of metallic elements under controlled oxygen atmospheres as described above (e.g., Ru + O2 = RUO2). At the elevated temperatures required for these processes, steam also serves as an excellent oxidizing agent. 

Gas-blowing is usually combined with the addition of some kind of slagforming additives (e.g., CaO, MgO, and fluorides) that may also act as oxidizing agents. The removal of B from molten Si by a steam-added plasma can also be regarded as an oxidative refining process. 

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