Oxidizers oxysalts

The actual composition present in the Br2/BrF3 mixture is not known, and any fluorination reaction may be a composite reaction of BrF, BrF3 and BrF5. It is not necessary to assume that BrFa is the reactive constituent, although this is probable. Consider the fluorination of a species X—a metal, oxide, oxysalt, halide, etc.—to the fluoride XF by a mixture of bromine fluorides BrFgj. The general reaction is... 

Chapter 7 Oxidizers Class 5.1 Oxidizers Oxysalts Peroxide Salts Inorganic Acid Oxidizers Other Oxidizer Componnds Incidents... 

By using the optical basicity Ath of cations in their appropriate coordination, valence, and spin, it is possible to calculate the theoretical optical basicity of mixed oxides, oxysalts, or of any oxygen-containing sohd, if the stoichiometry is known. Given a M oxide or mixture, Au, is calculated by the linear combination of stoichiometry x,, valence and A, of the / cations (n = oxygen stoichiometry), according to ... 

R. Kelly, Bombardment-induced compositional changes with alloys, oxides, oxysalts and halides in S.M. Rossnagel, J.J. Cuomo, W.D. Westwood (Eds.), Handbook of Plasma Processing Technology Fundamentals, Etching, Deposition and Surface Interactions, Noyes Publications, 1990 (Chapter 4). 

Silberoxyd, n. silver oxide, -ammoniak, n, fulminating silver, -salz, n. silver oxysalt. 

Decomposition of the rare earth nitrates proceeded [821] through the intermediate formation of oxysalts of the form MON03 and E values were low Nd(N03)3, 33 kJ mole 1, 663-703 K Dy(N03)3, 23 kJ mole 1, 583—633 K Yb(N03)3, 46 kJ mole 1, 563—598 K. Thermogravimetric curves showed that the formation of anhydrous salts was possible, in contrast to observations by Wendlandt and Bear [826]. In a similar study [827] of the reaction of Pr(N03)3 at 558—758 K, the intermediate formation of a nitrite is postulated during decomposition to a non-stoichiometric residual oxide, Pr0li83 (the actual composition depends on temperature). 

The Lewis definition covers all AB cements, including the metal oxide/metal oxysalt systems, because the theory recognizes bare cations as aprotic acids. It is also particularly appropriate to the chelate cements, where it is more natural to regard the product of the reaction as a coordination complex rather than a salt. Its disadvantages are that the definition is really too broad and that despite this it accommodates protonic acids only with difficulty. 

Oxysalt bonded cements are formed by acid-base reactions between a metal oxide in powdered solid form and aqueous solutions of metal chloride or sulphate. These reactions typically give rise to non-homo-geneous materials containing a number of phases, some of which are crystalline and have been well-characterized by the technique of X-ray diffraction. The structures of the components of these cements and the phase relationships which exist between them are complex. However, as will be described in the succeeding parts of this chapter, in many cases there is enough knowledge about these cements to enable their properties and limitations to be generally understood. 

The three major types of oxysalt bonded AB cement are the zinc oxychloride, the magnesium chloride and the magnesium oxysulphate cements. The bases employed, therefore, are either zinc oxide or magnesium oxide, both of which readily undergo hydration in aqueous solution, behaving as M(OH)2 species and acting as a source of hydroxyl ions. They are thus both clearly bases in the Bronsted-Lowry sense. 

Hawthorne, F. C. (1994). Structural aspects of oxide and oxysalt crystals. Acta Cryst. B50, 481-510. 

The oxidizers include heavy metal oxides such as red lead (Pb304), lead dioxide (Pb02), iron oxide (Fe203), bismuth oxide (Bi203), lead and barium chromates etc., peroxides (barium peroxide) and various oxysalts of potassium and barium. 

Zirconium oxide, Zr02 is widely known, both as a mineral, baddeleyite, and as an industrial product obtained horn zircon, Z1SO4. Moreover, the precipitate obtained by action of alkali hydroxides upon solutions of tetravalent zirconium is a hydrated oxide. The latter is readily soluble in acids to form oxysalts, which arc usually formulated in terms of the Zr02+ ion, without including its water of hydration, e.g., as Zr0(H2P04)2. The hydrated Zr02+ ion is not amphiprotic it does not dissolve in alkali hydroxides, While it does react on alkali carbonate fusions, the compounds formed have been shown to be mixed oxides rather than zirconates. 

The reductions with hydrogen of the oxides and the oxysalts of W and Mo have been actively studied, mainly in Europe, and reviewed by Haber [32]. Hence, only a brief summary is given here. 

This view of the process of reduction of the oxides and the oxysalts of W and Mo has been supported by an electron microscopy study [34] and by electron spectroscopy [32, 35]. However, the actual mechanism by which vacancies arrange cooperatively in ordered manners to give rise to crystal shear is yet to be elucidated. 

In this way, an oxysalt can be understood as the result of a reaction between an acidic oxide, A, and a basic oxide, B. For example,... 

In the presence of a basic oxide, water behaves as an acidic oxide and the resulting hydroxide is its oxysalt ... 

To answer this question one must think in terms of fundamental thermodynamic principles. Thus, it can be expected that the reaction between a strong acid and a strong base should be highly exothermic (releasing a lot of heat), while that between a weak acid and a weak base is little exothermic. If a constant a is defined as a measure of the tendency of a binary oxide to accept an O2- ion (i.e., its acidity in terms of Lux and Flood), it would be reasonable to expect that for a reaction between an acidic oxide, A, and a basic oxide, B, the A B of the reaction between A and B to produce an oxysalt, C (i.e., A + B = C), is proportional to their difference in acidity. 

In order to estimate the relative acidity of an oxide from the relative acidity of another oxide and from the oxysalt formed by both, a simple calculation is done according to the Example 2.9. 

The subsequent sections are assigned by following the compound sequence of rare earth nanomaterials. Rare earth oxides are often regarded as the most important compoimd class while rare earth hydroxides are frequently used as their synthesis precursors. Therefore, we discuss the nanomaterials of ceria, R2O3 and other rare earth oxides along with the rare earth oxyhydroxides and hydroxides in Section 2. Rare earth oxysalts, such as phosphates, vanadates, and borates are... 

This section covers some other heterometallic rare earth oxides, including Al, Ti, Zr, Sn, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu complex oxides, while certain well-known oxysalts, Y-Ba-Cu-O, for example, will not be specifically discussed. For these heterometallic compounds, due to their relatively complex compositions, it is usually difficult to obtain phase-pure products, especially when some dopant ions are added. At elevated temperatures, some of these oxides undergo phase transitions, which may significantly change their physical and chemical properties such as thermal expansion coefficient and ionic conductivity. And for fhose oxides with variable metal valencies, different nonstoichiometric compositions may also result in distinct functionalities in magnetism and catalysis. 

Rare-earth nanomaterials find numerous applications as phosphors, catalysts, permanent magnets, fuel cell electrodes and electrolytes, hard alloys, and superconductors. Yan and coauthors focus on inorganic non-metallic rare-earth nanomaterials prepared using chemical synthesis routes, more specifically, prepared via various solution-based routes. Recent discoveries in s)mthesis and characterization of properties of rare-earth nanomaterials are systematically reviewed. The authors begin with ceria and other rare-earth oxides, and then move to oxysalts, halides, sulfides, and oxysulfides. In addition to comprehensive description of s)mthesis routes that lead to a variety of nanoforms of these interesting materials, the authors pay special attention to summarizing most important properties and their relationships to peculiar structural features of nanomaterials s)mthesized over the last 10-15 years. 

Neptunium. The fluorite-type Np02 is the stable oxide formed in air when neptunium oxysalts are decomposed, but almost no studies have been carried out in the oxygen-defect region. Ackermann et al. ( ) in studying the vaporization process of NpO observed A-type NP2O3 in quenched samples which had been 70% vaporized. It is likely that the two phases were formed from a nonstoichiometric Np02. x phase by disproportionation as the sample was cooled. 

This paper presents a comprehensive description of mild oxidation catalysts containing one or more oxides or oxysalts and analyzes the thermodynamic and structural influence of interfacial effects between the constituent solid phases on activity and selectivity (O. 

The second important structural series of mild oxidation catalysts are the oxysalts which contain discrete metal-oxygen molecular complexes, (MO). Two types of metal-oxygen bonds are usually... 

The names, baeic salts, suftsslts, and oxysalts have been applied indifferently to salts, such as the lead subacetates, which are compounds containing the normal acetate and the hydrate or oxide of lead and to alts such as the so-called bismuth sttbuitrate, which is a nitrate, not of bismuth, but of the univalent radical... 

Glass m.—Elements whose oxides unite voith water some to form bases, others to form adds. Which form oxysalts. 

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