Oxidation states analysis

It is necessary to know the oxidation states of nanomaterials. For example, the oxidation state can affect numerous properties of nanomaterials ineluding elee-tronic properties of metal or metal oxide materials, optieal and magnetie properties, electrochemical properties, chemical reaction activity, catalysis capability, and biocompatibility. Moreover, redox reactions are involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles, especially metal nanoparticles such as Au, Ag, Pt nanoparticles. When chemists retrieve more information about the oxidation states of correlated elements and components in products, they may understand the mechanism and control the process much better. In addition, for environmental remediation, the oxidation state may change in the process of biomineralization especially for metal compounds being reduced into metal nanoparticles. 

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) can be used to analyze the oxidation states of many elements and to quantify the components of different valences for a given element in the samples. In order to perform the analysis of oxidation state, we can obtain the information by comparing the absorption edge position of the absorbing atom with that of standard samples. Moreover, we can use linear combination XANES (LC-XANES) to quantify and determine oxidation states of a given element in the samples.  

XANES can also be employed to study the composite and the oxidation state of the atoms of alloyed nanomaterials. Matsuo et al utilized Au Lm edge 

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Differential pulse polarography, oxidation state analysis of dissolved Pu ions.319, 326-27... 

Based on the elemental composition of both surfaces analyzed, it appears that the 3-APTHS coverage is comparable. This is particularly clear from the N atom % concentration, which is consistently 6-7 atom % independent of the surface. Table 6, which shows the oxidation state analysis of the surfaces studied, indicates that some minor differences do exist between the two surfaces. There are two N Is peaks on Si, while Cr exhibits three peaks in this binding energy... 

Elemental oxidation state analysis (%) results for 3-APTHS on H.O-plasma treated Si and Cr surfaces... 

The usefulness of the As(m)-As(V) couple as a redox indicator in hydrothermal experiments is limited by the availability of thermochemical data and by the range of Eh dictated by analytical and reaction rate constraints. For low temperature (<150°C) short-term experiments, selenium oxidation state analysis may be more appropriate than arsenic, since the Se(VI)-Se(IV) reduction occurs at relatively high Eh (36). 

Some results of plutonium oxidation-state analysis carried out on samples of Lake Trawsfynydd water which had been passed through different sizes of hollow-fibre cartridge are shown in Fig. 13.7 where it can be seen that over 90% of the plutonium which passed through the 3 k molecular weight nominal cut-off... 

A survey of available IR and CV data has revealed that relative donor properties of Cp, Cp, Tp and Tp can vary with metal identity and oxidation state. Analysis of TpRe(CO)3 and Tp Re(CO)3 shows that the two complexes are electronically similar. For example, sharp peaks at 2010 and 2020cm are assigned as the symmetric CO stretching absorption for TpRe(CO)3 and Tp Re(CO)3, respectively, while broad absorptions at 1900 and 1890cm were assigned as the asymmetric vcoj respectively. Analysis of vco fof CpRe(CO)3 and TpRe(CO)3 suggest that, for these systems, the Tp ligand is a more effective electron donor compared to... 

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