Oxidation products rate constant

The latter reacts with dioxygen, giving the bifunctional product of oxidation. The rate constants of these reactions are given in Table 2.22. 

According to Marshall [23] and Beech [26], the oxidation of the thiophenol linker would increase the reaction rate. To study this effect, the linker in resin (35) was oxidized to sulfone/sulfoxide using mCPBA. Cleavage reaction of resin (35) -OX with n-butylamine went to completion in less than 4 min (Fig. 12.20), compared with 24 h needed for this resin under the same conditions without oxidation. The rate constant was determined to be 0.0179, which was a 580-fold increase compared with the unoxidized form. This result indicated that a linker oxidation was preferred for high yield when the products will not be affected by oxidation conditions. 

Fleischmann et al. [549] studied the electro-oxidation of a series of amines and alcohols at Cu, Co, and Ag anodes in conjunction with the previously described work for Ni anodes in base. In cyclic voltammetry experiments, conducted at low to moderate sweep rates, organic oxidation waves were observed superimposed on the peaks associated with the surface transitions, Ni(II) - Ni(III), Co(II) -> Co(III), Ag(I) - Ag(II), and Cu(II) - Cu(III). These observations are in accord with an electrogenerated higher oxide species chemically oxidizing the organic compound in a manner similar to eqns. (112) (114). For alcohol oxidation, the rate constants decreased in the order kCn > km > kAg > kCo. Fleischmann et al. [549] observed that the rate of anodic oxidations increases across the first row of the transition metals series. These authors observed that the products of their electrolysis experiments were essentially identical to those obtained in heterogeneous reactions with the corresponding bulk oxides. 

A typical oxidation is conducted at 700°C (113). Methyl radicals generated on the surface are effectively injected into the vapor space before further reaction occurs (114). Under these conditions, methyl radicals are not very reactive with oxygen and tend to dimerize. Ethane and its oxidation product ethylene can be produced in good efficiencies but maximum yield is limited to ca 20%. This limitation is imposed by the susceptibiUty of the intermediates to further oxidation (see Figs. 2 and 3). A conservative estimate of the lower limit of the oxidation rate constant ratio for ethane and ethylene with respect to methane is one, and the ratio for methanol may be at least 20 (115). 

Continuous oxidizers are usually operated at a constant temperature (260 °C) and a constant Hquid level with the production rate and product characteristics controlled by air rate and charging rate. 

NiS04 decomposes directly to NiO between 968 and 1083 K [784] (the oxide product may undergo some further dissociation [770]). The value of E determined from the region of constant reaction rate (269 8 kJ mole-1) is in satisfactory agreement with that reported by Ingraham and Marier [785] (225 12 kJ mole-1) at 1273—1423 K. 

Square brackets around a molecular species indicate atmospheric concentration. The rate constants k times the reactant concentration product refers to the rates of the chemical reactions of the indicated number. The photolytic flux term /l4 refers to the photodissociation rate of N02 in Reaction R14, its value is proportional to solar intensity.]. RO2 stands for an organic peroxyl radical (R is an organic group) that is capable of oxidizing NO to NO2. Hydrocarbons oxidize to form a very large number of different RO2 species the simplest of the family is methylperoxyl radical involved in R5, R6 and R8. 

HO-oxidation of an individual NMHCj produces H02 radicals with a yield aj, and oxidation of the NMHC oxidation product produces H02 in stoichiometric amount The lumped coefficients or yields a and p need not be integers, and represent the effectiveness of a particular NMHCj in producing RO2. and H02 radicals (lumped together as HO2) that will then oxidize NO. to N02 in processes such as R6 and R13, producing one net ozone molecule each. Alternatively, when the NO. concentration is low, peroxyl radicals may form PAN (as in R22) or hydrogen peroxide (as in R33) which are other oxidant species. In this formulation, transport is expressed by an overall dilution rate of the polluted air mass into unpolluted air with a rate constant (units = reciprocal time dilution lifetime=1// ). This rate constant includes scavenging processes such as precipitation removal as well as mixing with clean air. 

EPR studies on electron transfer systems where neighboring centers are coupled by spin-spin interactions can yield useful data for analyzing the electron transfer kinetics. In the framework of the Condon approximation, the electron transfer rate constant predicted by electron transfer theories can be expressed as the product of an electronic factor Tab by a nuclear factor that depends explicitly on temperature (258). On the one hand, since iron-sulfur clusters are spatially extended redox centers, the electronic factor strongly depends on how the various sites of the cluster are affected by the variation in the electronic structure between the oxidized and reduced forms. Theoret-... 

Figure 3.44 Conversion rates and product selectivity of partial methane oxidation performed under constant heating power as a function of the methane/oxygen ratio [112. ...

In the M. trichosporium OB3b system, a third intermediate, T, with kmax at 325 nm (e = 6000 M-1cm 1) was observed in the presence of the substrate nitrobenzene (70). This species was assigned as the product, 4-nitrophenol, bound to the dinuclear iron site, and its absorption was attributed primarily to the 4-nitrophenol moiety. No analogous intermediate was found with the M. capsulatus (Bath) system in the presence of nitrobenzene. For both systems, addition of methane accelerated the rate of disappearance of the optical spectrum of Q (k > 0.065 s-1) without appreciatively affecting its formation rate constant (51, 70). In the absence of substrate, Q decayed slowly (k 0.065 s-1). This decay may be accompanied by oxidation of a protein side chain. 

Some of the earliest experimental studies of neutral transition metal atom reactions in the gas phase focused on reactions with oxidants (OX = O2, NO, N2O, SO2, etc.), using beam-gas,52,53 crossed molecular beam,54,55 and flow-tube techniques.56 A few reactions with halides were also studied. Some of these studies were able to obtain product rovibrational state distributions that could be fairly well simulated using various statistical theories,52,54,55 while others focused on the spectroscopy of the MO products.53 Subsequently, rate constants and activation energies for reactions of nearly all the transition metals and all the lanthanides with various oxidant molecules... 

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