Oxidant preparation

The definition above is a particularly restrictive description of a nanocrystal, and necessarily limits die focus of diis brief review to studies of nanocrystals which are of relevance to chemical physics. Many nanoparticles, particularly oxides, prepared dirough die sol-gel niediod are not included in diis discussion as dieir internal stmcture is amorjihous and hydrated. Neverdieless, diey are important nanoniaterials several textbooks deal widi dieir syndiesis and properties [4, 5]. The material science community has also contributed to die general area of nanocrystals however, for most of dieir applications it is not necessary to prepare fully isolated nanocrystals widi well defined surface chemistry. A good discussion of die goals and progress can be found in references [6, 7, 8 and 9]. Finally, diere is a rich history in gas-phase chemical physics of die study of clusters and size-dependent evaluations of dieir behaviour. This topic is not addressed here, but covered instead in chapter C1.1, Clusters and nanoscale stmctures, in diis same volume. 

Ethyl a-naphthylacetate is prepared as follows. To a solution of 10 g. of the diazo ketone in 150 ml. of ethanol at 55-60°, add a small amount of aslurry of silver oxide, prepared from 10 ml. of 10 per cent, aqueous silver nitrate and stirred with 25 ml. of ethanol. As soon as the evolution of nitrogen subsides, introduce more of the silver oxide and continue the process until all the slurry has been added. Reflux the mixture for 15 minutes, add 2-3 g. of decolourising carbon, filter and evaporate the alcohol on a water bath. Distil the residue and collect the ethyl a-naph-thylacetate at 176-178°/ 1 mm. the yield is 9 g. 

A final example appears in Fig. 3.26(c) and (d) where the experimental substance was a magnesium oxide prepared by hydrolysis of magnesium methylate followed by calcination at 500°C. Curve (c) gives a comparison plot of adsorption on a compact against the adsorption on the... 

The vapor-phase conversion of aniline to DPA over a soHd catalyst has been extensively studied (18,22). In general, the catalyst used is pure aluminum oxide or titanium oxide, prepared under special conditions (18). Promoters, such as copper chromite, nickel chloride, phosphoric acid, and ammonium fluoride, have also been recommended. Reaction temperatures are usually from 400 to 500°C. Coke formed on the catalyst is removed occasionally by burning. In this way, conversions of about 35% and yields of 95% have been reported. Carba2ole is frequently a by-product. 

Few reports of successful 7V-oxide preparation have been found (48JCS1389, 71CR(C)-(273)1529), whilst other papers refer to many failures in attempted A( -oxidations, and the parent [2,3-f ] compound gives the 6-hydroxy derivative instead of an A( -oxide (63JCS5737). 

Amine oxides, prepared to protect tertiary amines during methylation and to prevent their protonation in diazotized aminopyridines, can be cleaved by reduction (e.g., SO2/H2O, 1 h, 22°, 63% yield H2/Pd-C, AcOH, AC2O, 7 h, 91% yield Zn/HCl, 30% yield). Photolytic reduction of an aromatic amine oxide has been reported [i.e., 4-nitropyridine A-oxide, 300 nm, (MeO)3PO/CH2Cl2, 15 min, 85-95% yieldl. ... 

Nickel peroxide is a solid, insoluble oxidant prepared by reaction of nickel (II) salts with hypochlorite or ozone in aqueous alkaline solution. This reagent when used in nonpolar medium is similar to, but more reactive than, activated manganese dioxide in selectively oxidizing allylic or acetylenic alcohols. It also reacts rapidly with amines, phenols, hydrazones and sulfides so that selective oxidation of allylic alcohols in the presence of these functionalities may not be possible. In basic media the oxidizing power of nickel peroxide is increased and saturated primary alcohols can be oxidized directly to carboxylic acids. In the presence of ammonia at —20°, primary allylic alcohols give amides while at elevated temperatures nitriles are formed. At elevated temperatures efficient cleavage of a-glycols, a-ketols... 

Quaternary salt formation in 4-quinazoline 3-oxide and its 4-amino and 4-methyl derivatives has been studied by Adachi. These N-oxides, prepared by reaction of the simple quinazoline with hydroxylamine, react with ethyl iodide at N-1, although only in the case of the 4-amino derivative could the ethiodide be purified. The salts are degraded by alkali yielding derivatives of ethylaniline [Eq. (4)]. 

The well-known Adams platinum oxide can be prepared conveniently by the procedure of Adams et al. (2). Platinum oxides prepared in this way usually contain some traces of sodium, which in certain reactions can have an adverse effect. The sodium can be removed by washing with dilute acid (53). The Nishimuri catalyst (30% Pt, 70% Rh oxides) can be prepared by the same procedure as for platinum oxide or with variations from platinum and rhodium salts (64,65,66). This catalyst has much merit. It is usually most useful when hydrogenolysis is to be avoided (67,85,86). 

The submitters used 0.2 g. of palladium oxide prepared by the method of Shriner and Adams 4 and required 2 hours for complete hydrogenation under a hydrogen pressure of 1 atm. The checkers used 1.0 g. of palladium oxide (75.7%) from... 

Commercial C.p. chloroplatinic acid varies somewhat in its purity. In this work that from the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, was used and gave very satisfactory results. Since small amounts of impurities in the catalyst are important factors in the rate of reduction of certain types of compounds, this question of impurities in the chloroplatinic acid must be taken into account (Note 13). In a large proportion of the reductions studied, platinum oxide prepared from the chloroplatinic acid mentioned gave as good results as that from spectroscopically pure chloroplatinic acid made according to the directions of Wichers.1... 

The second solution that results from the liquid-liquid extraction process is a high-purity niobium-containing solution. This solution is used in the preparation of niobium oxide, Nb205. The process is similar to the above-described process of tantalum oxide preparation and consists of the precipitation of niobium hydroxide and subsequent thermal treatment to obtain niobium oxide powder. 

Optimal parameters for the extraction, washing and stripping of niobium were determined to be number of stages for all three processes - 4, volumetric ratios Vorg Vaqu are 1 1, 20 1 and 8 1, respectively. Additional fine purification of the extractant was recommended by stripping of tantalum and niobium remainders using a 0.5% wt. ammonia solution. This additional stripping leads to final concentrations of both tantalum and niobium in the extractant that are < 0.001 g/1. Table 62 shows the purity of niobium oxide prepared by the described method. 

Table 62. Typical purity of tantalum and niobium oxides prepared from strip solutions after extraction with 2-octanol. Impurity level is given in ppm.

Fig. 135. Flow chart of tantalum/niohium oxide preparation - precipitation of hydroxides by ammonia solution.

To a solution of sodium 3-methylbut-l-oxide [prepared from Na (0.04 g) and 3-methylbutan-l-ol (1.7 rnL) at 100 C], 3-phenoxyphthalonilrile (3, R = PhO 0.44 g, 2 mmol) was added. The mixture was refluxed for 2 h and then cooled. The precipitate formed was filtered, washed with 3-methylbutan-l-ol and ElOH until the filtrate was colorless, and treated on the filter with coned HC1. The hydrochloride obtained was dissolved in acetone and the solution was treated with dil NH4OH yield 0.16 g (36%). 

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