Outputs average level

At a much lower frequency, but much higher output power level, the Cornell group has recently taken advantage of the availability of kW pulse power amplifiers at 94 GHz from CPI Canada. These feature > 1 GHz instantaneous bandwidths with very flat response and can operate on a 10% duty cycle (100 W average power) with input powers less than 100 mW. In principle, this design can be scaled to higher frequencies at somewhat lower power levels. 

The symbol y will be used to represent the mean or average level of output from a system (see Section 3.1 and Equation 3.2). Thus, y, refers to the average level of the first output, y5 refers to the average level of the fifth output, etc. 

Occasionally, a second subscript will be used in symbols representing the average level of output. In these cases, a group of individual values of output were obtained under identical conditions (see Section 5.6). Thus, yu would refer to the average of all values of the output obtained at the particular set of experimental conditions under which was obtained. 

The output from a voltage sensitive or resistor feedback preamplifier is a tail pulse with a rather long decay time. Hence, some pulse pile-up is unavoidable, except at very low count rates. Pile-up will cause the average level of this signal to increase with pulse rate, which may approach the limit of linear operation of the preamplifier. 

The uniformity of the eombustor outlet profile affeets the useful level of turbine inlet temperature, sinee the average gas temperature is limited by the peak gas temperature. This uniformity assures adequate nozzle life, whieh depends on operating temperature. The average inlet temperature to the turbine affeets both fuel eonsumption and power output. A large eombustor outlet gradient will work to reduee average gas temperature and eonse-quently reduee power output and effieieney. Thus, the traverse number must have a lower value—between 0.05 and 0.15 in the nozzle. 

The output of an exposure and risk assessment will usually describe the levels of exposure and quantity the population exposed for both humans and other biota, and will estimate the associated probabilities of the incidence of adverse health effects. Population exposure or risk, obtained by multiplying the individual (per capita) exposure or risk by the numbers exposed at each level of exposure, may also be a useful measure of impact. Various analyses can be performed on the results, for example, comparison of exposures in a particular geographic area against national average exposure levels. Likewise, for the same pollutant, environmental risks due to a particular industry might be compared against risks associated with occupational or household activities. In addition, the health risk of different substances could be compared for priority setting. 

Fig. 5. Four basic illumination programs and their outputs. The top row gives the program, intensity I (linear scale) versus time t. The bottom row gives the growth output, velocity (relative to average velocity) versus time. The second and third row give the level of adaptation A, and the subjective intensity, i = I/A, calculated according to the theory developed. Note that the scale used to plot i(t) is twenty times larger for the down than for the up programs. (From Delbriick and Rei-chardt, 1956)...

RANS simulations usually exploiting some k-e turbulence model, intended for global information on the average flow field and the global transport phenomena in full-scale process equipment, with additional output (of limited confidence level) on spatial distributions of k and e ... 

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