Other Toxicological Aspects

The relationship between the Maillard reaction and Alzheimer s disease has recently been considered by Gasic-Milenkovic el al.324 AGE concentrations in the serum and urine of healthy individuals increase after the ingestion of an AGE-rich protein meal, in a manner directly proportional to the amount consumed. Only one-third of the AGEs appearing in the serum had been detected in the urine after 48 h, the fate of 

There is some evidence that HAAs, especially IQ, play a role in the incidence of coronary heart disease.318 

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In this chapter, carcinogenic products will be considered first, followed by mutagenic ones, which constitute the main focus. Smaller sections then deal with geno-toxic products, allergenicity, other toxicological aspects, and protective effects. 

Detailed information on ecological and toxicological aspects of fenvalerate and other synthetic pyrethroid insecticides is provided in reviews by Elliott (1977), Elliott and Janes (1978), Wouters and Bercken (1978), Glickman and Casida (1982), Vijverberg and Bercken (1982), Gray and Soderlund (1985), Leahey (1985), Smith and Stratton (1986), Coats et al. (1989), Bradbury and Coats (1989a), and Eisler (1992). 

POLTOX also contains two other useful data bases Toxline (described earlier) and the Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA) libraries. The FSTA component is a reasonably comprehensive collection of information regarding toxicological aspects of compounds found in food, including contamination, poison, and carcinogenic properties. The CD-ROM product is available from Compact Cambridge, 7200 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814. 

D. Chemical Use Classes. This includes the toxicology aspects of the development of new chemicals for commercial use. In some of these use classes, toxicity, at least to some organisms, is a desirable trait in others, it is an undesirable side effect. Use classes are not composed entirely of synthetic chemicals many natural products are isolated and used for commercial and other purposes and must be subjected to the same toxicity testing as that required for synthetic chemicals. Examples of such natural products include the insecticide, pyrethrin, the clinical drug, digitalis, and the drug of abuse, cocaine. 

These and all other environmental aspects of toxicology are discussed in Part VII. 

A study on human abdominal skin showed that fluorescent dye embedded in a bilayer made from gel-state PC was taken up by the skin,24 but the dye penetrated only into stratum corneum. The results of this experiment are illustrated in Figure 23.2. Similar results were reported also by others.22,23 35 The tolerance of skin of 20 volunteers to the gel-state PCs was studied in comparison to some common emulsifiers. Nine emulsifiers and gel-state PC were tested in the Duhring Chamber using test protocol of Frosch and Kligman.36 Based on scaling and erythema, gel-state PCs were the only substances that showed no irritation potential.37 The results are shown in Figure 23.3. Reviewed recently were also the toxicological aspects of the use of gel-state PC in a topical application.7... 

Mancuso TF. 1951. Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant A medical appraisal II. Clinical and toxicologic aspects. Ind Med Surg 20 393-407. 

This section discusses toxicological aspects of different chemical species, which are of great concern in the various environmental compartments in the Asian region. The description of toxicological features of other chemical compounds can be found in S. Manahan (2000) and Chapters 12-14 of this book. 

Trace element research in the biomedical field is mainly focussed on the known essential trace elements Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, J, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, Si, Sr, V and Zn. For investigations on more toxicological aspects or for questions of the interactions with other trace elements in the organism or in general for questions of the environmental load, the known heavy metals such as Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl etc. are of interest. In the field of occupational health, all elements which occur in the workplace can be of interest. 

Sorbic acid is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water ia the same way as other fatty acids, releasiag 27.6 kj/g sorbate (6.6 kcal/g) (165). As a result of the favorable toxicological and physiological aspects, the World Health Organization (WHO) has allowed sorbic acid at the highest acceptable daily iatake of all food preservatives, 25 mg/kg body weight (178). 

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