Other Properties Online

Most nitrile oxides are unstable, some of them are explosive. This fact hinders the study of their physical properties. Nevertheless, there are a number of publications concerning not only stable but also unstable nitrile oxides. In particular, mass spectral data for nitrile oxides among other unstable compounds containing an N+-X bond are summarized in a review (9). In such studies, the molecular ions must be generated using indirect procedures, including dissociative electron ionization, online flash-vacuum pyrolysis mass spectrometry, or ion-molecular reactions. Their characterization is mainly based on collisional activation and ion-molecular reactions. 

Data for other substances can be obtained from the following critical compilations and online in the NIST Chemistry WebBook at http //www.webbook.nist.gov/ chemistry/ or from the NIST-TRC Databases available on disk. (Information can be found at http //www.nist.gov/srd/thermo.htm, or at http //srdata.nist.gov/ gateway/gateway keyword = thermodynamics.) An exhaustive list of earlier sources of tabulated thermochemical data can be found in Volume 1 of Chemical Thermodynamics, A Specialist Periodical Report [2]. A useful list of websites containing thermodynamic data is available at http //tigger.uic.edu/ mansoori/ Thermodynamic.Data. and.Property.html. 

Data from GEOSECS, TTO, BATS, and HOTS and other major oceanographic research projects, such as the WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) are available online. The GEOSECS, TTO, and WOCE datasets are part of the Java Ocean Atlas, which provides a graphic exploration environment for generating vertical profiles, cross-sections, and property-property plots. Many of the data presented in this text were obtained from this source. 

Los Alamos National Laboratory Periodic Table of Elements. Available online. URL http //periodic.lanl.gov/. Accessed May 28, 2009. This table contains clickable elements that lead to a Web page describing the element s history, properties, sources, uses, and other information. 

The two main online applications of hyperspectral imaging are blending endpoint determination (Figure 19) and capsule control (Figure 20). Other applications may be possible, such as content uniformity, determination of dissolution properties, and water quantification, but are not described in this chapter. 

Other Databases, Available from different vendors (Table 8). For example, the researcher can obtain physical properties by using the Merck Index Online or the Dictionary of Organic Compounds available by Chapman and Hall Chemical Database. In DIALOG, numeric databases are collected under the name of CHEMPROP. 

Thus, online measurements of composition are usually limited to some overall property. A typical example is pH, defined as the absolute value of the logarithm of the molar concentration (or, more exactly, activity) of hydrogen ion pH can be measured by exploiting the electric potential established between two proper electrodes immersed in the sample fluid, usually a glass membrane electrode and a reference electrode [15], Notwithstanding the temperature dependence and the alkaline error (at high pH, a marked sensitivity to the effect of Na+ and of other monovalent... 

E-mail Address info refiningonline.com Web Address www.refiningonline.com The Refining Connection, a service of Astron International, Inc., is an online refining resource that provides unite conversion tools, information on steam properties, line pressure drop calculators, Internet bulletins, a scientific calculator and various other software. 

Because of the human-friendliness of SMILES, it is used as an input format in a variety of online databases and other chemistry-related websites. Therefore, it is useful to have at least basic knowledge of its properties and the rules for writing proper SMILES. 

Continuous, or very frequent, automated measurement of individual or groups of toxic compounds or general physico chemical properties, can provide a rapid warning of changed environmental conditions. A few chemical methods (such as the LC SAMOS for polar compounds (Slobodnik et al., 1992)) may even detect the occurrence of high concentrations of specific contaminants of concern at the test site. In situ, online and on-site approaches are described in other chapters of this volume, but as yet, application is restricted by the limited availability of suitable, sufficiently sensitive and selective (bio)sensors and monitors for the analysis of (priority) pollutants that need to be monitored. Once available, they may provide (semi)-qualitative and quantitative information on the occurrence of compounds in the waters. 

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