Other Bioprobes

Hydrogen peroxide is produced by the activity of oxidases and determining its intracellular concentration provides assays of the activity of the corresponding enzyme or of substrates such as glucose. It can be detected with high sensitivity by chemiluminescence or electroluminescence, however only at relatively high pH values. A lanthanide-based analytical procedure was proposed in 2002 by O. Wolfbeis and collaborators, 

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Other bioprobes. Many metalloenzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinase, cathepsin, and caspase, can be detected with NIR QD-based FRET bioprobes. Current results show that many enzymes or proteins are highly expressed in cancer tissues. The pH, temperature, and reducing agents in cancer tissue are all different from those in normal tissues. ... 

The metalloenzymes and modeling area is still very open, and it is now clear that certain complexes will play a role in the energy transition that is currently underway. In addition, organometallic bioprobes, connected or not with therag-nosis, represent a vast area needing only to be developed. The lines of force, the promises, and directions of travel in the field are laid out before us here. It is hoped that the reader will envisage others, guided, inspired and stimulated by the work presented in this volume. 

In general, bioprobes are defined [1] as follows Bioprobes are functional molecules or devices that provide information about biological systems. They can fimction on a macroscopic, microscopic, or submicroscopic scale (bionanometrology and molecular-scale observation of biological systems). The term bioprobe is used in this chapter, however, to describe molecular structures that can function as probes to provide information about biological systems. These are molecular bioprobes, as distinct, for example, from microelectrodes or other macroscopic... 

The principles examined in Sections 7.8.1 to 7.8.3 could apply for enzyme active sites and other biological receptor structures. In both cases, the availability of good test for correct binding in the receptor is an important criterion in selecting a biological problem for study by the IR-responsive bioprobe approach. In the case of enzymes, such assays are usually straight forward, since an ability to measure conversion of the substrate into the product will allow both and kj to... 

Eu2(L )3] was specifically designed to shift the wavelength (from 330 up to 365 nm), which results in a loss of quantum yield (9%), but proved to be good enough in time-resolved spectroscopy and a better bioprobe than [Eu2(L )3] for confocal microscopy. [Eu2(L )3] with x = 4, 6 where two other probes developed for the same purpose, but their physicochemical and/or photophysical properties were not good enough to consider ftiem for any application. 

This structure is maintained in solution, as demonstrated by lanthanide-induced shift analysis on eight different helicates [165]. Although quite precise, the procedure is somewhat long and involved so that the structure of the other dinuclear bioprobes has simply been ascertained by the NMR spectra of the chelates with diamagnetic Ln ions, which point to... 

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