Oscillatoria species

Narro, M. L., Cerniglia, C. E., Van Baalen, C. Gibson, D.T. (1992a). Evidence of NIH shift in naphthalene oxidation by the marine cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria species strain JCM. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58,1360-3-... 

The microcystins are hepatotoxic produets of freshwater blooms of cyanobacteria of Microcystis, Anabena, and Oscillatoria species (Chen et al, 1993 Luu et al, 1993), with Microcystis aeruginosa being the most common. 

The microcystins are hepatotoxic products of freshwater blooms of cyanobacteria of Microcystis, Anabena, and Oscillatoria species (Chen et al., 1993 Luu et al., 1993), with M. aeruginosa being the most common. Nearly 60 microcystin cyclic hepatopeptides have been identified, of which microcystin-LR, also known as the fast death factor, is the most common, and the toxin of choice to be weaponized (Craig et al., 1993 Rinehart et al., 1994). This toxin has been reported to be responsible for the deaths of wild animals and agricultural livestock (Carmichael, 1988). A potential threat to the health of humans has been recognized in coimtries where water supplies are contaminated with cyanobacteria (Yu, 1989 Gkelis and Zaoutsos, 2014). In 1996, microcystin-LR was also implicated in the death of 50 Brazilian dialysis patients (Jochimsen et al., 1998). 

Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Bacteria) Toxins. Cyanobacterial poisonings were first recognized in the late 1800s. Human poisonings are rare however, kills of livestock, other mammals, birds, fish, and aquatic invertebrates are common. It is caused by a variety of biotoxins and cytotoxins, including anatoxin, microcystin, and nodularin produced by several species of cyanobacteria, including Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nodularia, Oscillatoria, and Microcystis. The main contamination problems include all eutrophic freshwater rivers, lakes, and streams. 

Microcystins and Nodularins Mieroeystins (MC) are widely distributed eyanotoxins, and have often been implicated in aeeidental human and animal poisonings. They are produeed by several genera, including the planktonic Microcystis, Planktothrix, Anabaena species, and the benthic Oscillatoria. Nodularins are only produced by the species Nodularia spumigena, whieh occurs in brackish waters, essentially in the Baltie Sea, Australia, and New Zealand. 

Anatoxins are produced mainly by Anabaena species, but also by Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, Cylindrospermum, Microcystis, and the benthic Oscillatoria and Phormidium (Sivonen and Jones, 1999). 

There are some cyanobacteria, especially species of Oscillatoria, that can grow anaerobically and photo-... 

Asummary of the nitrogen cycle is shown in Fig. 3.17. Nitrogen fixation, which converts N2 into NH4+, is performed by a restricted number of eubacteria and ar-chaebacteria (sometimes in symbiotic associations). Anaerobes such as the photosynthetic bacteria, together with some species of Clostridium and sulphate reducers, can perform the process. However, the most important nitrogen-fixing bacteria are aerobes the cyanobacteria (e.g. Oscillatoria) in aquatic environments and Rhizobium in plant root nodules in soils (free-living soil bacteria such as Azotobacterare... 

The genus Oscillatoria (order Oscillatoriales, 64 compounds total) has a much broader distribution of isolated compounds among different species as compared to the other genera of cyanobacteria 30% comes from undetermined species, 28% from Oscillatoria agardhii, 19% from Oscillatoria nigroviridis, and 13% from Oscillatoria spongelia. The species Oscillatoria raoi and Oscillatoria acutissima are responsible for 3% each and Oscillatoria rosea and Oscillatoria amphibia each accounts for 2%. 

Figure 3 Percentage of isolated marine cyanobacterial natural products from Oscillatoria (left, n = 64) and Lyngbya (right, n = 240) by species.

Cyanobacteria known to produce hepatotoxins include species of Microcystis (32-36), Anabaena (37-40), Nostoc (41,42), Oscillatoria (43,44) and the brackish water Nodularia spumigena (45,46). These cyanobacteria produce a wide range of toxins including neurotoxic alkaloids, lipopolysaccharides, phenolic compounds and most importantly, the cyclic hepatotoxic peptides microcystins and nodularins. Since both microcystins and nodularins were recently discovered even in shellfish (47) and tropical fish species (48), and a nodularin variant was isolated in Papua New Guinea also from the tropical marine sponge Theonella swinhoei (49), marine prokaryotes are apparently producing identical toxins as the cyanobacteria. However, since this nodularin variant was isolated from a marine sponge it may well be produced by a microbial symbiont. 

Off-flavors have also been reported in silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) from Australian fish farms (Rowland et al., 1995). Microscopic examination of the planktonic blooms reveals a wide variety of cyanobacterial species (Figure 37.7) and mouse bioassays show that they can be toxic (unpublished). In rainbow tront farms in the United Kingdom, the cause of off-flavors was unknown until a stndy attribnted it to blooms of Oscillatoria spp. in the rivers that feed the trout farms (Robertson et al., 2006). Levels of geosmin in fish tissue were typically in the range of 1.0-3.0 Tg/kg, while... 

Several marine bacterial species, including Phormidium tenue, Oscillatoria willei, Streptomyces species LK-3, Cyanobacteria, Marinobacter pelagius, and... 

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