Orientation residual

Fig. 2. Suggested secondary structure of bacteriorhodopsin, based on cryo-electron microscopy [16]. The four blocks represent transmembrane helices A through G. Residues in the retinal binding pocket are shown in capitals these and asp96 are numbered for orientation. Residues in the N and C terminal segments and in the interhelical loops are not shown.

Simulations of the native form of carboxypetidase A indicate that the zinc bound water forms a hydrogen bond with the carboxyl group of Glu270, positioning the water in a seemingly optimal orientation for nucleophilic attack on the substrate (Stote and Karplus 1995). A similar result, whereby the zinc plays a role in orienting residues important for the catalysis, was observed in the simulations of another zinc containing enzyme, carbonic anhydrase (Stote and Karplus 1995). The zinc also provides... 

CA provides the best-defined example of an ionized Zn -bound water mechanism. " Thrl99 and orientation residues such as Glul06, and proton shuttle residues such as His64, are needed to make CA the fastest biological catalyst. 6-Pyruvoly-tetrahydropterin synthase,E. coli fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase, " " and E. coli fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase belong to the CA family, although the reactions these enzymes are involved in are different. 

Bertini et have studied the question of whether reliable models for a protein of unknown structure can be constructed from that of a protein of known structure if the sequence homology is greater than 30%. They modeled the structure of cytochrome c556 on that oT cyt c and validated the model using paramagnetic structure constraints (pseudocontact shifts and self-orientation residual dipolar couplings) without determining the full solution structure. 

Ingber MS, Phan-Thien N (1992) A boundary element approach for parabolic differential equations using a class of particular solutions. Appl Math Model 16 124—132 Isayev AI (1987) Orientation, residual stresses, and volumetric eflect in injection molding. In Isayev AI (ed) Injection compression molding fundamentals. Marcel Dekker Inc New York,... 

Crystalline structure, degree of crystallinity, orientations, residual stresses Crystalline structure, degree of crystallinity, orientations, residual stresses... 

Greener, J., and G. H. Pearson, Orientation Residual Stresses and Birefringence in Injection Molding, J. Rheol, 27, 115-134, 1983. 

Injection molding is one of the most important polymer processing operations. Polymer experiences a complex mechanical and temperature history which cause molecular orientation, residual stresses and crystallization. These process induced microstructures are mainly responsible for mechanical, optical properties, and long-term dimensional stability of molded products[l]. 

High purity 50% ferrosihcon containing <0.1% Al and C is used for production of stainless steel and corded wire for tires, where residual aluminum can cause harm fill alumina-type inclusions. These are also useflil in continuous cast heats, where control of aluminum is necessary. High purity grades of 50 and 75% ferrosihcon containing low levels of aluminum, calcium, and titanium are used for sihcon additions to grain-oriented electrical steels, where low residual aluminum content contributes to the attainment of desired electrical properties, eg, significant reduction of eddy currents. 

The transverse (circumferential) crack path reveals that the stresses responsible for SCC were axially oriented that is, the tube was pulled at its ends. Residual tube-forming stresses may also have contributed in this case. The specific cracking agent was caustic, which was apparently concentrated by evaporation when water flashed to steam in these locations. 

Figure 15.19 shows various crack orientations that can occur in connection and attachment welds. Applied stresses from external loading of these components can add to the residual weld stresses, producing still higher stress loads. This can increase the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking and can affect orientation and location of crack paths. 

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