Orientation and electrical property

Takenaka, T. and Sakata, K. (1980) Grain orientation and electrical properties of hot-forged Bi4Ti30j2 ceramics. Jpn. J. Appl Phys., 19 (1), 31-39. 

V is the vibrational frequency in the gas phase, v is the frequency in the solvent of relative permittivity Sr, and C is a constant depending upon the molecular dimensions and electrical properties of the vibrating solute dipole. The electrostatic model leading to Eq. (6-8) assumes that only the electronic contribution to the solvent polarization can follow the vibrational frequencies of the solute ca. 10 " s ). Since molecular dipole relaxations are characterized by much lower frequencies (10 to 10 s ), dipole orientation cannot be involved in the vibrational interaction, and Eq. (6-8) may be written in the following modified form [158, 168] ... 

Para-phenyls, which have bulky side chains, are typically amorphous materials. In fact, this has the advantage that no recrystallization processes or rearrangement of the polymer chains will occur during device operation. However, in thin layers, an orientation of the polymer chains in the plane of the substrate is observed, leading to anisotropic macroscopic optical4 and electrical properties.5... 

In this section, the most important structural (grain size, grain orientation and intragrain defects) and electrical properties of the poly-Si films prepared by the ALILE process are discussed. 

In this section, we will first provide a short discussion on some of the basics of the design of photorefractive polymers. Then we will review some of the basic physical properties such as photogeneration and transport in organic amorphous materials needed to develop and understand photorefractive polymers. We will describe the orientational photorefractive effect that is used in most of today s low glass transition temperature materials. Finally we will describe selected examples of photorefractive polymers and describe their optical and electrical properties. 

The main reason for the current and future ever-growing interest in liquid crystalline polymers lies in their unusual properties [89], The effective alignment of molecular backbones in LCP is claimed to produce properties even superior to engineering thermoplastics. The long-range orientational ordering of the liquid crystalline polymers leads to anisotropic mechanical, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. 

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