Organotin biocidal polymers

Film-forming biocidal polymers useful in marine antifouling compositions selected from trialkyltin groups chemically bound to homo- and copolymeric chains of organotin acrylate were prepared by various methods such as (1) the polymerization of trialkyltin acrylate or methacrylate monomers, (2) chemical modification of functionalized polymer as P(S-MA) with bis(tributyltm) oxide, (3) grafting or blending of the polymers, e.g., PVC, with trialkyltin acrylate (Scheme 3.23) [262]. 

Organotin compounds (biocides and polymer stabilisers) in water were analysed by means of HS-SPME-GC and GC-MS (SIM) [296],... 

Recent survey articles 61,62) are mainly concerned with the synthesis, properties and applications of carbon-chain organotin polymers and with the use of organotin compounds in polymer chemistry as stabilizers, fungicides, etc. It should particularly be noted that polymers on the basis of trialkylstannyl methacrylates exhibit biocide properties. 

Organotin polymers containing one carboxyalkyl group bound to the tin atom in each recurring monomer unit are obtained by polymerization of an organotin acid of the type Sn[(CH2)mCOOH]4. in aqueous medium at 60 °C. The powdery products are used as biocides and stabilizers for synthetic polymers 81). 

Organotin epoxide monomers 30,100 104) containing fairly reactive oxirane rings and both C=C and Sn—C bonds can be used as starting components for the synthesis of new polymers, chemically active stabilizers and biocides for polymeric materials, e.g. for PVC. 

Tributyltm species, especially (Bu3Sn)20 and tributyltin phosphate and naphthenate, have been used in wood preservation as fungicides and as biocides for destructive insects. Tributyltins (and to a lesser extent, triphenyltins) have been used in marine antifoulant paints due to their broad range activity. The use of organotin polymers in which the... 

Butyltin compounds, monobutyltin (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) and tri-butyltin (TBT) are widely used for the production of biocides and polymer stabilizers. On a yearly basis, 23, 000 tons of butyltin compounds are used as additives in PVC products. This is about 40% of the world usage of organotin compounds [90]. The negative impact of butyltins on the aquatic environment is well documented and in vitro studies have also shown that they disrupt the immune response in humans [91]. Studies have shown that organotins leach out from PVC and related materials, resulting in the con-... 

The biocidal properties of most metal-containing polymers have not been studied in detail. The biological activity of organotin polymers and copolymers to various fungi and microorganisms has been found only recently. 

Organotin compounds are widely used as biocides, catalysts and polymer stabilizers. Very sensitive (subpart per billion detection) analytical methods are required to assess their effect on the environment. In addition, speciation information is necessary, since the toxicity of organotin compounds is strongly dependent on the number and nature of the organic substituents. 

Organic derivatives of Group IV find applications in diverse areas. Especially important are the silicone polymers, organotin compounds as stabilizers for plastics and as biocides and organolead antiknock agents for petrol. 

The use of organolead compounds as paint biocides was also widely recognized, but tiiese lost out to the less toxic and better accepted organotin monomers and polymers. ... 

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