Organophosphate compounds classes

Pesticides are further subdivided into classes of compounds. Historically, insecticides included the organochlorine, methyl carbamate, and organophosphate classes of pesticides. Herbicides comprise about 10—12 principal classes of compounds. Within each class of pesticide there may be several hundred active ingredients. 

The development of class-selective antibodies is another approach to multi-analyte analysis. The analyst may design haptens that will generate antibodies that recognize an epitope common to several compounds, as explained above for the analysis of pyrethroids by measuring PBA. Other examples of class-selective immunoassays that have been developed are mercapturates," glucuronides, pyrethroids, organophosphate insecticides, and benzoylphenylurea insecticides." ... 

Organophosphate esters are among the most widely used classes of synthetic compounds in hydraulic fluids. They are used as anti-wear additives in mineral oil hydraulic fluids and are significant components in certain fire-resistant hydraulic fluids (FMC 1991c, 1991d, 1992a, 1992b Wills 1980). 

Phosphinates are a class of organophosphorus compounds, the metabolism of which has received less attention than that of phosphates (see above) or phosphorothioates and P-halidc compounds (see below). Many phosphinates are rapid but transient inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and carboxyl-esterases. And like organophosphates and phosphonates, phosphinates are substrates of arylesterases (EC 3.1.1.2). This is exemplified by 4-nitrophen-yl ethyl(phenyl)phosphinate (9.62), whose (-)-enantiomer was hydrolyzed by rabbit serum arylesterase almost 10 times faster than the (+)-enantiomer [133],... 

Organophosphates The second class of cholinesterase inhibitors is made up of organophosphorous compounds with the general formula ... 

Most of the nematocides marketed are halogenated hydrocarbons. They are either saturated organic halides, such as methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, and dibromochloropropane, or unsaturated organic halides, such as dichloropropene and dibromobutene. Among the nematocides, a few exceptions to this class of compounds are chloropicrin, a thiocarbamate (Vapam), two organophosphates (V-C 13 and Zino-phos), and a thiadiazine (Mylone). 

The OP compounds are difficult to generalize with respect to their physical properties. They have moderate-to-considerable water solubility. Some organophosphate insecticides are water soluble, e.g., oxydemeton-methyl, azodrin, phosdrin, trichlorfon, and phosph-amidon. They also have moderate-to-considerable vapor pressures, generally in the range 10"3-10-5 mm Hg. Some organophosphate insecticides such as naled and dichlorvos are very volatile. This combination of physical and chemical properties makes the entire class of insecticides biodegradable and nonpersistent. 

Chemical/Pharmacetical/Other Class Soman is a human-made nonpersistent anticholinesterase compound or organophosphate (OP) nerve agent, irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, and chemical warfare agent. It is a light liquid with a camphorlike odor. 

Indeed, the promise of IA has led to workable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for a variety of pesticides, including thiolcarbamates, triazoles and triazines, substituted ureas and sulfonylureas, bipyridilium compounds, and other groups of chemicals(2) (Table I). Additionally, radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods exist for chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, phenoxy adds and other chemical classes. 

Occasionally, compounds with distinctive modes of action are better modeled apart from the general case. An example of such compounds are the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These compounds are very specific in their inhibition of serine enzymes. In the instance of predicting Daphnia EC, it was found that the organophosphates were outliers that biased the regression and were better removed from the general model and treated separately. Another class of specialized models are those grouped by chemical class. These have proven popular because of their relative simplicity but the datasets upon which they are built are usually small. 

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