Organometallic compounds of zinc

J. L. Wardell, Organometallic Compounds of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury, Chapman Hall, London, 1985,... 

The first organometallic compounds of zinc, namely, ethylzinc iodide (EtZnI) and diethylzinc (Et2Zn), were... 

A further method of preparing organosodium compounds, indeed that most used previously, was by the action of metallic sodium on organometallic compounds of zinc, cadmium, lead, or, above all, mercury in an indifferent solvent 50 79... 

D. A. Shirley, The Synthesis of Ketones from Acidhalides and Organometallic Compounds of Magnesium, Zinc and Cadmium, Organic Rcaktions, Vol. VIII, 28 (1954). 

Development of new methodologies for formation of carbon-carbon bonds has been one of the major tasks in organic chemistry. Obviously, organometallic compounds, particularly zinc derivatives, have found great use in such reactions. During the past several years, there have been several significant reports of nickel- and palladium-catalyzed reactions of dialkylzincs and alkylzinc halides with alkyl halides of diverse structure. A detailed account of most of these studies can be found in a recent review by Knochel et al,246... 

D. A. Shirley, The synthesis of ketones from acid halides and organometallic compounds of magnesium, zinc, and cadmium, Org. React. 1954, 8, 28-58. 

The first organometallic compound of any kind prepared was diethyl-zinc, (C2Hs) Zn and for many years organozinc compounds were important intermediates in organic preparations. Today, except for a few... 

Ziegler-Natta Catalysts (Heterogeneous). These systems consist of a combination of a transition metal compound from groups IV to VIII and an organometallic compound of a group I—III metal.23 The transition metal compound is called the catalyst and the organometallic compound the cocatalyst. Typically the catalyst is a halide or oxyhalide of titanium, chromium, vanadium, zirconium, or molybdenum. The cocatalyst is often an alkyl, aryl, or halide of aluminum, lithium, zinc, tin, cadmium, magnesium, or beryllium.24 One of the most important catalyst systems is the titanium trihalides or tetra-halides combined with a trialkylaluminum compound. 

There are good overviews of zinc chemistry in several inorganic textbooks, especially those by Greenwood and Eamshaw " and by Cotton, Wilkinson, and their recent collaborators. Much detailed information, especially on the preparation and properties of binary compounds and salts, can be found in the elderly multivolume treatises of Mellor and Pascal, while Sidgwick s more modest pair of volumes also contains much useful information of this type. The organometallic chemistry of zinc is considered in detail elsewhere (see Zinc Organometallic Chemistry). 

The mercury may be replaced from mercury dimethyl by sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminium under suitable condition with formation of organometallic compounds of these metals with mercury diethyd, the reaction takes place with sodium, magnesium, cadmium, beryllium, zinc, aluminium, bismuth, and tellurium with mercury di-n-propyl, the metals sodium, beryllium, zinc and aluminium react, and sodium also reacts with mercury di-n-octyl. 

The synthesis of ketones from acid halides and organometallic compounds of magnesium, zinc and cadmium... 

O. R. 1-9, C. R. Hauser and B. E. Hudson, Jr., The Acctoacetic Ester Condensation and Related Reactions lV-4, S. M. McElvain, The Acyloins 11-4, W. S. Johnson, The Formation of Cyclic Ketones by Intramolecular Acylation VIII-2, D. A. Shirley, The Synthesis of Ketones from Acid Chlorides and Organometallic Compounds of Magnesium, Zinc, and Cadmium. ... 

Screttas and Eastham found that this base forms crystalline complexes with organometallic compounds of magnesium, lithium, and zinc. Thus on addition of a benzene solution of TED to a solution of butyllithium a crystalline complex separates the composition is BujLij —TED-Bu Lia. Triethylamine (1) and quinu-clidine (2) form similar complexes but they are considerably more soluble than the corresponding TED complex. 

Shcvcrdina and K. A. Kocheskov, The Organic Compounds of Zinc and Cadmium, North Holland, 1967 G. E. Coates and K. Wade, Organometallic Compounds, Vol. 1, Methuen, 1967. 

Cadmium occurs only in one valency state (2 ) and does not form stable alkyl compounds or other organometallic compounds of known toxicological significance. Cadmium initially is distributed to the liver and then redistributes slowly to the kidney as cadmium-metallothionein (Cd-MT), with 50% of the total-body burden in the liver and kidney after distribution. Cadmium and several other metals induce the expression of metallothionein, a cysteine-rich protein with high affinity for metals such as cadmium and zinc. Metallothionein protects cells against cadmium toxicity by preventing the interaction of cadmium with other proteins. 

This is the most commonly utilized method for synthesis of transition metal complexes with M —C a bonds. The following substrates are utilized halides, acetylacetonates, acetates, /-electron element alcoholates, as well as organometallic compounds of lithium, magnesium, aluminum, sodium, zinc, mercury, elements of group 14, etc. Ethers and hydrocarbons are used as solvents. In general, the synthesis should be carried out at lower temperatures and under inert atmosphere. 

Longi and Mazzochi describe the gas chromatography of the organometallic compounds of beryllium, zinc, boron, aluminium and antimony. 

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