Organogenesis

The mode of action is by inhibiting 5-enolpymvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase. Roundup shuts down the production of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophane (30). Whereas all these amino acids are essential to the survival of the plant, tryptophane is especially important because it is the progenitor for indole-3-acetic acid, or auxin, which plays an important role in growth and development, and controls cell extension and organogenesis. 

The effects of a teratogen on a fetus depend on the timing of the exposure, i.e., at which stage of organogenesis the exposure takes place. Exposure to a teratogen before implantation usually leads to death and abortion of the fetus. How-... 

FGF (22 members) FGFs require heparan sulfate to activate their receptors FGFR Four members expressed as a number of splice variants Proliferation of many cell types. Embryo patterning and organogenesis, bone development, angiogenesis... 

Ema M, Kurosaka R, Amano H, Ogawa Y (1996) Comparative developmental toxicity of di-, tri- and tetrabutyltin compounds after administration during late organogenesis in rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(1) 71-76. 

Tian M. Gu Q. Zhu M. (2003) The involvement of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant enzymes in the process of shoot organogenesis of strawberry callus / / Plant Science. V. 165. P. 701-707. 

EI Dupont deNemours Co. 1973. Maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of neoprene accelerators applied to skin of rats during organogenesis. OTS0556789. Sect 8D. 

PAMPs and various tissue factors can prime DCs to produce T-cell-polarizing factors [21], IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces IFN-y and promotes the development of Thl-cell differentiation [31], Other Thl-polarizing factors are IFN-a and IFN-(3 [32] and cell-surface expressed intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-l [33]. On the other hand, it has been shown that NF-kB inducing kinase (NIK), which is known to regulate B-cell maturation and lymphoid organogenesis, is important for the induction of Thl7 cells [34],... 

G. Truchet, P. Roche, P. Lerouge, J, Vasse, S. Camut. F. de Billy, J. C. Prome, and J. Denarie, Sulphated lipooligosaccharide signals of Rhizohiuni meliloli elicit root nodule organogenesis in alfalfa. Nature 351 670-673 (1991). 

The critical time for organogenesis is during the first eight weeks of pregnancy thus, the risk for birth defects is highest during the first trimester. 

Foetal development promotes growth and differentiation of foetal cells and organogenesis Promotes longitudinal body growth and increased body weight Promotes enhanced functioning of the male and female reproductive tissue Promotes growth and differentiation of neuronal tissue... 

Exposure to the fetus in the first 2 weeks after conception may have an all or nothing effect (i.e., could destroy the embryo or have no ill effect). Exposure during the period of organogenesis (18 to 60 days postconception) may result in structural anomalies (e.g., methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, diethylstilbestrol, lithium, retinoids, thalidomide, certain antiepileptic drugs, and coumarin derivative). 

Globally, those experiments with knockout mice suggest that the implication of more than one member of the nuclear receptor family may have prominent effects in organogenesis, even if their expression is for a brief period during embryonic life. The mice with double or triple knock-outs, lacking two or three receptors, will surely contribute to finally clarifying the roles of each hormone and each receptor. 

Treatment of rats with cypermethrin up to 8 mg/kg/day produced no malformations [140]. Maternally toxic dose level of bifenthrin did not produce adverse effects on embryonic development in rats [141], A rabbit teratology study with 30 or 90 mg/kg/day tetramethrin during fetal organogenesis demonstrated no adverse effects on skeletal or external development [137]. 

Cook DA, Brown A III. Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in okra (Abel-moschus esculentus L. Moench.) Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed 1995 31 164-169. 

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