Organizational networking interactions

Any community s ability to respond constructively to change will be driven by the nature and quality of the community s leadership, and the effectiveness and coherence of the community s economic, social and civic networks. While strong individual leadership, whatever that may precisely mean, and the existence of social capital (Putnam, 2001) are both salient factors in a community s ability to change, even more important may be the manner in which the city s organizational and leadership networks interact and cooperate discussing a city that has weathered de-industrialization with relative success, Safford (2009 9) notes that its economic... 

While studying risk in a supply chain network context, one also has to remember that a supply chain comprises a network of companies that belong to an industry vertical embedded in a business and social enviromnent. Hence, supply chains are subjected to internal risks resulting from the interaction between firms within the supply chain and to external risks that are felt by all supply chain networks in the industry, and within the same environment. Consequentially supply chain risks can arise at four levels organizational, network level, industry level and environmental level, as elaborated in Sect. 2.1. An excellent discussion on this topic may be found in Miller (1992). 

These possibilities rectify the proposed subsequent appearance and amplification of chiral autocatalytic molecules and hypercydes. [190] Any autocatalytic systems would propagate [191] throughout an extensive adjoining hydrated porous network already rich in layered amphiphiles, lipids, polymeric materials, amino acids, thiols, and so forth. In addition, amphiphiles are known to be organized into lipid membranes by interaction with the inner surfaces of porous minerals. [136] It is a small organizational jump from these membranes to frilly formed lipid vesides. 

In a system based largely on self-assembly through mesogenic interactions such as the above example by Percec, it can also be beneficial to incorporate hydrogen bonding as well for an added element of organizational control. For instance, Frechet and coworkers demonstrated sequential, hierarchical self-assembly of various levels of order in a small molecule-based system which ultimately resulted in a hydrogen-bonded liquid crystalline network (Fig. 7.9) [53]. 

All major network sciences seem to concur on the view that real networks are not random but are based on robust and strong organizational principles. As explained above, major metabohc network analysis techniques could be strongly influenced by the network reductionist approach, where the behavior of the network could be potentially predicted by its elementary constituents and their interactions alone. Therefore, the hierarchical and scale-free property of gene networks can effectively complement techniques like metabolic control analysis and become a vital tool in future gene network analysis (Almaas and Barabasi, 2006). 

Constructionism assumes that social reality is not separate from an individual s sense of reality since both are intimately interwoven and shaped by each other in everyday interactions (Cunliffe 2008). Constructionist theorists approach leadership not as a phenomenon embodied in individuals but as an organizing process with a foundation in task accomplishment (Fairhurst and Grant 2010). These investigators consider the actual behaviours and interactions of individuals as part of a broader organizational process, where patterned interactions and networks of relationships contribute to define the ultimate outcomes (Uhl-Bien et al. 2012, p. 307). 

---